Structural Characterization andIn VitroAntioxidant Activity of Kojic Dipalmitate Loaded W/O/W Multiple Emulsions Intended for Skin Disorders

Abstract

Multiple emulsions (MEs) are intensively being studied for drug delivery due to their ability to load and increase the bioavailability of active lipophilic antioxidant, such as kojic dipalmitate (KDP). The aim of this study was to structurally characterize developed MEs by determining the average droplet size (Dnm) and zeta potential (ZP), performing macroscopic and microscopic analysis and analyzing their rheological behavior and in vitro bioadhesion. Furthermore, the in vitro safety profile and antioxidant activity of KDP-loaded MEs were evaluated. The developed MEs showed a Dnm of approximately 1 micrometer and a ZP of −13 mV, and no change was observed in Dnm or ZP of the system with the addition of KDP. KDP-unloaded MEs exhibited ‘‘shear thinning” flow behavior whereas KDP-loaded MEs exhibited Newtonian behavior, which are both characteristic of antithixotropic materials. MEs have bioadhesion properties that were not influenced by the incorporation of KDP. The results showed that the incorporation of KDP into MEs improved the safety profile of the drug. The in vitro antioxidant activity assay suggested that MEs presented a higher capacity for maintaining the antioxidant activity of KDP. ME-based systems may be a promising platform for the topical application of KDP in the treatment of skin disorders.

Improved production of kojic acid by mutagenesis of Aspergillus flavus HAk1 and Aspergillus oryzae HAk2 and their potential antioxidant activity

“…The potential antioxidant activity of KA confirms its application in food industry, where it has been used in post-harvest process as an anti-speck and an antibrowning agent for agricultural product (Chaudhary et al 2014). The antioxidant activity of kojic dipalmitate was previously studied by Gonçalez et al (2015). From this study, we conclude that the highest amounts of KA can be obtained when fungal strains were incubated at 30°C for 7-10 days and grown on MES culture medium adjusted to pH 4.…”

In Vitro Activity of Copper(II) Complexes, Loaded or Unloaded into a Nanostructured Lipid System, against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

“…Our studies show that formulations with a high degree of structuring increase their stability and retention in the biological membrane, permitting a longer duration of the drug at the target site. This improvement in the biological activity can thus be explained by rheological parameters because all complex-loaded NLS’s present a high consistency index and elasticity, thereby forming a more structured formulation with the complex incorporation [ 20 , 28 , 29 ].…”

Innovative Skin Product Emulsions with Enhanced Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and UV Protection Properties Containing Nanoparticles of Pure and Modified Chitosan with Encapsulated Fresh Pomegranate Juice

“…Consequently, the search for new natural-derived antioxidants is crucial [ 4 ]. Various compounds have been applied as antioxidants for skin treatment products, mainly antioxidant drugs e.g., kojic acid [ 5 ], many vitamins i.e., Vitamin E (tocopherol) [ 6 ], Vitamin B3 [ 7 ], as well as several natural antioxidants namely lycopene which is a carotenoid [ 8 ], polyphenols derived from green tea [ 9 ], antioxidants extracted from the fruit of the coffee plant Coffea arabica [ 10 ] and proanthocyanidins extracted from Grape seed [ 11 ].…”

“…Polyphenols, are the main responsible compounds for the high antioxidant activity of PJ [ 15 ], whereas, anthocyanins seem to have a photoprotective effect during photooxidative stress [ 17 ]. These compounds are capable of interfering with oxygen free radical generation and the reactions they subsequently trigger [ 5 ].…”