Structural characterization of microcrystalline and nanocrystalline cellulose from Ananas comosus L. leaves: Cytocompatibility and molecular docking studies

Abstract

The present study focused on the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) leaves using chemical treatments followed by acid hydrolysis. Pineapple leaves could be used in medical applications such as drug delivery carriers. Advanced spectroscopy techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the physical, chemical, and morphological features of the isolated MCC and NCC; the results indicated the needle-shaped form of nanostructures with good purity and high crystallinity index of 75.00 and 76.38%, respectively. In addition, inhibition of the treated MRC-5 cells with all the samples revealed that the percentage of cell viability was less than 30%, which is an interesting finding given their role in the cytotoxicity effect of MCC and NCC. It appears that MCC and NCC derived from pineapple leaves have lower toxicity. As a result, the developed MCC and NCC can be used in pharmaceutical applications as a novel drug delivery system. Molecular docking was performed to understand the non-bonding interaction of cellulose with human acid-beta-glucosidase (β-Glc) (PDB: 1OGS). The docking result shows that cellulose unit docked within the active pocket of the enzyme by forming hydrogen bonds against ASN19, THR21, and VAL17 with distances of 2.18, 1.93, and 2.92 Å, respectively, with binding energy (−5.0 kcal/mol) resulting in close interaction of cellulose unit with the receptor.

Extraction and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Grade Microcrystalline Cellulose From Bambara Nut (Voandzeia Subterranean (L) Thousars) Husk

“…The particle size of BNS-MCC ranges from about 100-500 microns, with about 97% of the particle population less than 154 µm. Particle size depends upon the extent of degradation of cellulose molecule [30]. Finer particle size BNS-MCC promotes tablet (compact) strength as confirmed by the researchers.…”

Cellulose Nanofibers as Functional Biomaterial from Pineapple Stubbles via TEMPO Oxidation and Mechanical Process

“…The biomass generated in pineapple production has been used mainly to extract cellulose nanocrystals. The CNC obtained are by acid hydrolysis and it has been reported that they are extracted from different parts of the pineapple plant such as the crown [22,23], the stem [3], the peel [24] and the leaves [25,26]. Due to the cellulosic availability in pineapple plant, it is important to explore the possibility of producing CNF from this raw material.…”

Cellulose nanofibers, nanocrystals, and bacterial nanocellulose: Fabrication, characterization, and their most recent applications

“…Similarly,Sainorudin et al (2021) reported a decrease in the band intensity of nanocrystalline cellulose between 1637.56 and 1639.49 cm −1 , attributed to the carbonyl group stretching vibration of lignin ferulic and p-coumaric acid carboxylic group, or hemicellulose acetyl and uronic ester groups confirming that acid hydrolysis removes these extraneous components. In another study, de Souza et al (2019) prepared CNSs from industrial paper wastes using acid hydrolysis and pretreatments with alkali and acid.…”

“…The calculated crystallinity for CNSs was 48.5% and 31.5% for first and second methods, respectively (Manzato et al, 2017). cellulose structure and strong diffraction peaks at 22°with a CI of 76.38% was reported by Sainorudin et al (2021). The CI increased due to the organized molecular structure of small particles and the fiber's strength and stiffness.…”