The sections in this article are
Definitions and Generalities
Particles
Particle Size
Nuclearity of Particles
Dispersion
Relationships Between Particle Size, Surface Area and Dispersion
Methods of Particle Size Measurement
Particle Size Measurements by Gas Chemisorption
Introduction and Principles
Gas Adsorption–Desorption Methods
A
Static Methods
B
Dynamic Methods
C
Desorption Methods
Choice of Adsorbate Gases
Hydrogen Chemisorption; HydrogenOxygen Titration
Conclusion and Recommendations
X
‐Ray Diffraction Line Broadening Analysis
Introduction
Elementary Line Broadening Analysis: the Scherrer Equation
Complete Line Profile Analysis: the
W
arren–
A
verbach Method
Examples of Application of Classical
LBA
to Catalysts
Whole‐Powder Pattern Fitting Methods: the Rietveld Refinement
Limits of Application of Methods
Conclusion
Small‐Angle
X
‐Ray Scattering Analysis
Introduction
Specific Surface Area Measurements:
P
orod's Law
Mean Size Parameters: Guinier Radius
Calculation of Size Distribution
Application of
SAXS
to Metal Particle Size Determination in Supported Catalysts
Anomalous Small‐Angle
X
‐Ray Scattering (
ASAXS
)
Conclusion
Determination of Particle Size by Electron Microscopy
Scope
Fundamentals of Imaging and Contrast
A
Transmission Electron Microscope
B
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
C
Scanning Electron Microscope
Preparation of Samples for
TEM
and
STEM
Examination
Particle Size Measurement
Selected Examples of Particle Size Distribution
Selected Examples of 3D Localization of Particles in Supports by Electron Tomography
Particle Size Measurements by Magnetic Methods