Structural Confirmation of a Unique Carotenoid Lactoside, P457, in Symbiodinium sp. Strain nbrc 104787 Isolated from a Sea Anemone and its Distribution in Dinoflagellates and Various Marine Organisms

Abstract

The molecular structure of the carotenoid lactoside P457, (3S,5R,6R,3′S,5′R,6′S)‐13′‐cis‐5,6‐epoxy‐3′,5′‐dihydroxy‐3‐(β‐d‐galactosyl‐(1→4)‐β‐d‐glucosyl)oxy‐6′,7′‐didehydro‐5,6,7,8,5′,6′‐hexahydro‐β,β‐caroten‐20‐al, was confirmed by spectroscopic methods using Symbiodinium sp. strain NBRC 104787 cells isolated from a sea anemone. Among various algae, cyanobacteria, land plants, and marine invertebrates, the distribution of this unique diglycosyl carotenoid was restricted to free‐living peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates and marine invertebrates that harbor peridinin‐containing zooxanthellae. Neoxanthin appeared to be a common precursor for biosynthesis of peridinin and P457, although neoxanthin was not found in peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates. Fucoxanthin‐containing dinoflagellates did not possess peridinin or P457; green dinoflagellates, which contain chlorophyll a and b, did not contain peridinin, fucoxanthin, or P457; and no unicellular algae containing both peridinin and P457, other than peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates, have been observed. Therefore, the biosynthetic pathways for peridinin and P457 may have been coestablished during the evolution of dinoflagellates after the host heterotrophic eukaryotic microorganism formed a symbiotic association with red alga that does not contain peridinin or P457.

Symbiosis-driven development in an early branching metazoan

“…4E). With the exception of diadinoxanthin and peridinin, which generally comprise over 80% of the produced carotenoids in Symbiodinium , minor pigments make up less than 5% of the total ( 29 ). Consequently, the observed lag period to the start of strobilation following initial acquisition of symbionts may reflect the time necessary to accumulate the minimum concentration of a minor carotenoid (e.g., β-carotene, zeaxanthin) required to activate RXR and irreversibly initiate development.…”

Redescription of the Sea Anemone Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) Based on a Topotypic Specimen Collected from Tokyo Bay, Japan

“…actinostoloides under the latter name by Arellano and Fautin (2001). In many sources, including field guides, fauna lists, and scientific reports (e.g., Uchida 1965;Uchida et al 1975;Moyer and Bell 1976;Suzuki and Hayashi 1977;Cha and Song 2001;Uchida 1992;Ono et al 2007;Ninh et al 2008;Yamaguchi et al 2010;Wakahama et al 2012;Iwatsubo and Iwatsubo 2013), the species name Ex. actinostoloides (=C.…”

Effects of Aerobic Growth on the Fatty Acid and Hydrocarbon Compositions of <i>Geobacter bemidjiensis</i> Bem^T

“…FAME fractions included HCs were designated as FAME plus HC fractions 23 . FAME was separated from HCs by one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography TLC with silica gel plates type G60; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany and a solvent system comprising hexane, diethyl ether, and acetic acid, 90:10:1 v/v/v , with slight modifications, as described previously 27 . The primuline solution was sprayed with an all-glass atomizer, and the plates were then visualized under UV light 340 nm .…”