Structural Control and Optimization Schemes of Silicon‐Based Anode Materials

Abstract

Rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are today's best performing and most promising energy storage devices. Silicon‐based anode materials with ultrahigh specific capacity are expected to help LIBs play a more significant role in practical applications. However, the irreversible volume expansion of silicon during charge and discharge, which makes the material devastatingly shattered, and the unstable solid electrolyte intermediate film have greatly affected the LIB cycle stability and slowed the commercialization of silicon‐based anode LIBs. In recent years, various approaches have been tried to reduce the adverse effects of bulk effects, and nanosizing is a widely recognized and practical approach. Still, it has also reached a bottleneck in development. This work provides a comprehensive review of the recent progress in improving the electrochemical performance of silicon‐based anode LIBs. The development of mainstream silicon‐based compounds is described, the role of various structural control means for the improvement of silicon‐based anodes is elaborated, as well as other optimization schemes, and a view on the future development of silicon‐based anodes is presented.

Portable hydroxyl-functionalized coal gangue-based cordierite porous ceramics sheets for effective adsorption of fluorine-containing wastewater

“…The relative crystallinity was determined by calculating the percentage of the diffraction peak area between (2theta) = 5–30.05° in the sample as compared to the diffraction peak area of the reference sample at the same range. 32 For the calculation of the relative crystallinity (RC), the reference sample chosen was the one possessing optimal crystallinity (sintering temperature of 1300 °C and holding time of 120 min). The RC (%) was converted by the following eqn (3):RC = (the diffraction peak area of the sample at (2theta) = 5–30.05°)/(the diffraction peak area of the reference sample at the same range)…”

Interphasial Pre‐lithiation and Reinforcement of Micro‐Si Anode through Fluorine‐free Electrolytes

“…The accumulation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which originates from the side reactions between lithiated-Si and electrolytes, leads to conductive network deterioration inside the electrode. [3,4] Furthermore, the volume changes of Si, particularly larger micro-Si (mSi), induce mechanical fracturing and lead to continuous SEI reconstruction, resulting in low coulombic efficiencies (CE) and capacity loss. [5,6] Another key limitation for Si is the low initial CE (ICE).…”

Tailoring Silicon Composite Anodes with Li+-Containing Organic Ionic Plastic Crystals for Solid-State Batteries

“…However, Si anodes in liquid electrolyte solutions are subject to poor cyclability because of their large volume expansion while alloying with lithium (≈381% from Si to Li 15 Si 4 ), 8 mechanical instability of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on Si, 3,4,9,10 continuous SEI formation on newly exposed Si surfaces, 3,6,7,10,11 loss of lithium inventory, 3,[5][6][7]9,10 and detachment of Si particles from the current collector. 6,7,12 Great effort has been made on the material development side to solve some of the aforementioned issues, which include the regulation of the particle size and shape, 3,6,7 morphological design of Si composite materials such as core-shell and yolk −shell structures, 3 and blending of Si with other anode active materials (e.g., graphite). [9][10][11] Those strategies are effective in improving the cyclability of Si anodes in liquid electrolyte solutions, but they tend to increase the material cost or sacrifice the energy density of the resulting batteries.…”

“…[9][10][11] Those strategies are effective in improving the cyclability of Si anodes in liquid electrolyte solutions, but they tend to increase the material cost or sacrifice the energy density of the resulting batteries. 3,10,11 Therefore, realizing the stable charge/discharge behaviors of low-cost Si active materials (e.g., Si microparticles) is desired to maximize the achievable energy density cost-effectively.…”

“…Silicon is a well-known high-capacity anode active material and has the theoretical capacity of 3,579 mAh g −1 for Li 15 Si 4 . 1 Because its abundance in Earth's crust is second among all elements, 3,4 the replacement of carbon active materials (e.g., graphite) in the anode with Si will not increase the material cost significantly. In addition, Si is an environmentally friendly material and is easily handled in ambient conditions.…”