Structural electrochemistry. Chronopotentiometric responses from rising compacted polypyrrole electrodes: experiments and model

Abstract

A model considering conformational packing and structural relaxation–swelling effects describes and quantifies chronopotentiometric responses from conducting polymer film electrodes.

Self-Supported Polypyrrole/Polyvinylsulfate Films: Electrochemical Synthesis, Characterization, and Sensing Properties of Their Redox Reactions

“…After reduction times higher than 30 s, the responses present a chronoamperometric maximum, which suffers displacement towards lower currents and higher oxidation times with increasing initial reduction times. The chronoamperometric minimum and maximum are characteristic of the formation and coalescence of nuclei of the oxidized polymer, respectively, through the reduced structure . Deeper reduced and conformational compacted initial energetic structures require longer nucleation and coalescence times by oxidation at a constant potential (constant electrochemical energy).…”

“…The chronoamperometric minimum and maximum are characteristic of the formation and coalescence of nuclei of the oxidized polymer,r espectively,t hrough the reduced structure. [41,59,60] Deeperr educed andc onformational compacted initial energetic structures require longer nucleationa nd coalescence times by oxidation at ac onstantp otential (constant electrochemical energy). After full oxidation of the PPy/PVS material, any maximum from Figure 5c an be repeated as many times as wished by using the concomitant reductiontime.…”

Structural and Conformational Chemistry from Electrochemical Molecular Machines. Replicating Biological Functions. A Review

“…The oxidation (reaction 1) of rising conformational packed initial structures (attained by any of the three methodologies described in section 4) by flow of a constant anodic current gives chronopotentiometric (potential/time, E/t ) responses showing (Figure ) rising initial potential peaks . Rising conformational packed initial energetic states act as rising resistances to the reaction‐driven penetration of anions from the solution.…”

“…During reactions the polymer‐ion relative composition change driving the shift of the value of any composition‐dependent property of the material. They replicate biological functional reactions, biological functions and biological organs ,. Several properties of the dense gel change simultaneously in a uniform device driven by the same reaction giving unparalleled artificial multi‐tool devices.…”

Electrochemical and electromechanical behavior of Nafion-based soft actuators with PPy/CB/MWCNT nanocomposite electrodes

“…30,31 Conducting polymers (CPs) are so actuation and sensing materials with promising applications in biomedical devices 32 and micromanipulation systems 33 due to their good electrical conductivity, large pseudo-capacitance, and relatively low cost. The most commonly used CPs include polyaniline (PANI), 34 polypyrrole (PPy) 35,36 and poly[3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene] (PEDOT). 37 CPs have been combined with carbon nanostructures [38][39][40] and characterized for electromechanical actuator applications 41 and electrochemical capacitors.…”