Most effective pseudo-bilayer planar heterojunction (PPHJ)
devices,
which facilitate vertical phase separation, often depend on toxic
halogenated solvents in the production process. However, obtaining
the desired morphology poses a significant challenge when utilizing
nonhalogenated solvents due to the limitations of material solubility
and unfavorable kinetics of film forming. The cooperative effect between
the exciton dissociation and the exciton diffusion distance in PPHJ
devices could be enhanced by accurate regulation of the donor: acceptor
heterojunction. Hence, the pseudo-bilayer bulk heterojunction (PBHJ)
strategy approach was used because of its process involving a dilute
solution, aiming at optimizing phase formation kinetics and achieving
a rational vertical components distribution in all-green o-xylene (o-XY) processed ternary organic solar cells
(OSCs). In this study, a comprehensive analysis of charge recombination
and carrier dynamics was conducted in three device structures: bulk
heterojunction (BHJ), PPHJ, and PBHJ. It was found that the PBHJ device
demonstrated enhanced charge generation, extended exciton lifetime,
and reduced nongeminate charge recombination. Finally, the ternary
PBHJ device based on PM6:BTP-eC9:L8-BO achieved a photovoltaic efficiency
of 18.30%, significantly higher than those of the corresponding BHJ
devices (17.38%). It is worth noting that the ternary PBHJ device
exhibited excellent stability with 91.79% of the initial power conversion
efficiency (PCE) retained after continuous illumination for 1 h under
maximum power point (MPP) tracking, and the stability in the glovebox
could still retain 92.55% of the initial PCE after 2700 h. This study
provides valuable insights into optimizing the active layer phase
separation and providing sufficient charge transport channels, thus
improving the device stability.