Structural health monitoring of adhesive joints under pure mode I loading using the electrical impedance measurement

Sam-Daliri, Omid; Faller, Lisa-Marie; Farahani, Mohammad Reza; Zangl, Hubert

doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2021.107585

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The idea of this study is that these changes in resistivity can be used to directly establish the strain state of the rubber, thus turning the bearing into a multifunctional, self−sensing, and low−cost system for monitoring bridges and weigh−in−motion applications. With the same principle, it is also possible to detect whether damage/cracking has occurred within the rubber or at the interface between the rubber and the steel laminates, similarly to what was proposed in other applications where conductive fillers were dispersed in an insulating polymer matrix to create a conductive network (see, e.g., [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Self-Sensing Rubber for Bridge Bearing Monitoring

Orfeo

Tubaldi

McAlorum

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Elastomeric bearings are widely used in bridges to support the superstructure, to transfer loads to substructures, and to accommodate movements induced by, for example, temperature changes. Bearing mechanical properties affect the bridge’s performance and its response to permanent and variable loadings (e.g., traffic). This paper describes the research carried out at Strathclyde towards the development of smart elastomeric bearings that can be used as a low−cost sensing technology for bridge and/or weigh−in−motion monitoring. An experimental campaign was performed, under laboratory conditions, on various natural rubber (NR) specimens enhanced with different conductive fillers. Each specimen was characterized under loading conditions that replicated in−situ bearings to determine their mechanical and piezoresistive properties. Relatively simple models can be used to describe the relationship between rubber bearing resistivity and deformation changes. Gauge factors (GFs) in the range between 2 and 11 are obtained, depending on the compound and the applied loading. Experiments were also carried out to show that the developed model can be used to predict the state of deformation of the bearings under random loadings of different amplitudes that are characteristic of the passage of traffic over a bridge.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Self-Sensing Rubber for Bridge Bearing Monitoring

Orfeo

Tubaldi

McAlorum

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…Instead of directly looking for defects, there are techniques suitable for real-time monitoring of the integrity degradation of adhesive joints. These include strain/stiffness monitoring using back face strain gages [ 21 , 22 , 23 ], optical fiber sensors signal surveillance [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ], and resistance monitoring of conductive adhesive joints [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ]. Strain gages can only be applied to the outer surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For resistance monitoring, the adhesive joints were made conductive by adding particles such as carbon black [ 50 ], graphene [ 51 , 52 ], and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ]. Owing to their extremely high aspect ratio, CNTs are especially suitable for forming a conductive network and so are used extensively in research works on the health monitoring of adhesive joints.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage Monitoring of Composite Adhesive Joint Integrity Using Conductivity and Fiber Bragg Grating

Shin

Chen

2023

Polymers

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Adhesive joints possess a number of advantages over traditional joining methods and are widely used in composite structures. Conventional non-destructive examination techniques do not readily reveal joint degradation before the formation of explicit defects. Embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors and the resistance of carbon nanotube (CNT)-doped conductive joints have been proposed to monitor the structural integrity of adhesive joints. Both techniques will be employed and compared in the current work to monitor damage development in adhesive joints under tensile and cyclic fatigue loading. Most of the previous works took measurements under an applied load, which by itself will affect the monitoring signals without the presence of any damage. Moreover, most FBG works primarily relied on the peak shifting phenomenon for sensing. Degradation of adhesive and inter-facial defects will lead to non-uniform strain that may chirp the FBG spectrum, causing complications in the peak shifting measurement. In view of the above shortfalls, measurements are made at some low and fixed loads to preclude any unwanted effect due to the applied load. The whole FBG spectrum, instead of a single peak, will be used, and a quantitative parameter to describe spectrum changes is proposed for monitoring purposes. The extent of damage is revealed by a fluorescent penetrant and correlated with the monitoring signals. With these refined techniques, we hope to shed some light on the relative merits and limitations of the two techniques.

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“…However, the cross-linking network between these conductive fillers and the polymer matrix is weak, the preparation method is complicated, the reversibility is poor, and it is difficult to match the application requirements. Since the emergence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), their light weight, high conductivity, high strength, and high aspect ratio have made them suitable fillers for the damage sensing of polymer composites with good comprehensive performance [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Vulcanization on the Electro-Mechanical Sensing Characteristics of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Silicone Rubber Composites

et al. 2023

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In order to realize effective monitoring for the working performance of seismic isolation structures, a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/methyl vinyl silicone rubber (VMQ) composite was prepared via mechanical blending using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butyl peroxy)hexane (DBPMH) as vulcanizing agents. The effects of the different vulcanizing agents on the dispersion of the MWCNT, electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and resistance–strain response of the composites were investigated. The experimental results showed that the percolation threshold of the composites prepared with the two vulcanizing agents was low, while the DCP-vulcanized composites showed high mechanical properties and a better resistance–strain response sensitivity and stability, especially after 15,000 loading cycles. According to the analysis using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier infrared spectroscopy, it was found that the DCP contributed higher vulcanization activity, a denser cross-linking network, better and uniform dispersion, and a more stable damage–reconstruction mechanism for the MWCNT network during the deformation load. Thus, the DCP-vulcanized composites showed better mechanical performance and electrical response abilities. When employing an analytical model based on the tunnel effect theory, the mechanism of the resistance–strain response was explained, and the potential of this composite for real-time strain monitoring for large deformation structures was confirmed.

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Structural health monitoring of adhesive joints under pure mode I loading using the electrical impedance measurement

Cited by 28 publications

References 45 publications

Self-Sensing Rubber for Bridge Bearing Monitoring

Self-Sensing Rubber for Bridge Bearing Monitoring

Damage Monitoring of Composite Adhesive Joint Integrity Using Conductivity and Fiber Bragg Grating

Effect of Vulcanization on the Electro-Mechanical Sensing Characteristics of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Silicone Rubber Composites

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