Lyotropic
liquid crystalline nanoassemblies (LLCNs) are
internally
self-assembled (ISA)-somes formed by amphiphilic molecules in a mixture
comprising a lipid, stabilizer, and/or surfactant and aqueous media/dispersant.
LLCNs are unique nanoassemblies with versatile applications in a wide
range of biomedical functions. However, they comprise a nanosystem
that is yet to be fully explored for targeted systemic treatment of
breast cancer. In this study, LLCNs proposed for gemcitabine and thymoquinone
(Gem-TQ) co-delivery were prepared from soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC),
phytantriol (PHYT), or glycerol monostearate (MYVR) in optimized ratios
containing a component of citric and fatty acid ester-based emulsifier
(Grinsted citrem) or a triblock copolymer, Pluronic F127 (F127). Hydrodynamic
particle sizes determined were below 400 nm (ranged between 96 and
365 nm), and the series of nanoformulations displayed negative surface
charge. Nonlamellar phases identified by small-angle X-ray scattering
(SAXS) profiles comprise the hexagonal, cubic, and micellar phases.
In addition, high entrapment efficiency that accounted for 98.3 ±
0.1% of Gem and 99.5 ± 0.1% of TQ encapsulated was demonstrated
by the coloaded nanocarrier system, SPC/citrem/Gem-TQ hexosomes. Low
cytotoxicity of SPC-citrem hexosomes was demonstrated in MCF10A cells
consistent with hemo- and biocompatibility observed in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos for up to 96 h postfertilization (hpf).
SPC/citrem/Gem-TQ hexosomes demonstrated IC50 of 24.7 ±
4.2 μM in MCF7 breast cancer cells following a 24 h treatment
period with the moderately synergistic interaction between Gem and
TQ retained (CI = 0.84). Taken together, biocompatible SPC/citrem/Gem-TQ
hexosomes can be further developed as a multifunctional therapeutic
nanodelivery approach, plausible for targeting breast cancer cells
by incorporation of targeting ligands.