“…In other words, the inconsistency between M s and the intensity of defect-related PL emission or oxygen vacancies arises from the fact that the surfaces/GBs rather than lattice defects are responsible for high M s . In this context, note the universal behavior of the photoluminescence and of the intrinsic RT ferromagnetic order induced by the surfaces or near-surfaces disordering/defects when comparing the results of nanosized ceria system studied in this work as well as reported by others [e.g 58]. with the one of the most studied oxides, ZnO, in very different forms and preparation conditions, e.g metal ion implanted ZnO crystals[59,60 ], un-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by hydrothermal rout[61], un-doped ZnO thin films[62], gas ion implanted ZnO single crystals[63], etc.).…”