“…• Multidisciplinary Design Optimisation: Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is a research field that explores the use of numerical optimization methods to design engineering systems based on multiple disciplines, such as structural analysis, aerodynamics, materials science, and control systems. MDO is widely used to design automobiles, aircraft, ships, space vehicles, electro-chemical systems, and more, with the goal of improving performance while minimizing weight and cost [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. With the advancement of computational power, MDO frameworks can also be used for autonomous vehicles to improve their structural design, aerodynamics, powertrain optimization, sensor integration and placement, path planning, control system optimization, and energy management.…”