“…Industry sectors such as automotive, aerospace, marine, etc., have utilized these advantages to achieve significant breakthroughs in performance and design [ 2 , 3 , 4 ], and the construction sector was inspired by these achievements to use FRP materials to enhance structural performance, durability and safety of civil engineering structures [ 5 , 6 ]. For instance, FRP materials were used in truss bridges [ 7 ]. However, FRP materials have hierarchical structures consisting of multiple materials, and their complicated manufacturing processes inevitably introduce uncertainties in material properties, geometrical parameters, etc.…”