Structural, Physical, and Chemical Modifications Induced by Microwave Heating on Native Agar-like Galactans

Abstract

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A review of extractions of seaweed hydrocolloids: Properties and applications

“…Carrageenan extract which is identical to reference kappa-and iota-carrageenan are obtained successfully without further purification [83] Three red seaweed galactans are successfully obtained without any degradation with extremely fast rate of reaction compared with conventional heating [84] Quality agar can be obtained from red seaweed under optimum conditions using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) [85] MAE can drastically reduce extraction time and consumption of solvent with optimum recovery compared to conventional extraction method [86] MAE can significantly reduce extraction time while improving agar yield even at low temperature [87] Quality carrageenan was successfully extracted from less well known red seaweed species Hypnea musiformis [88] Alginate was successfully extracted from Portuguese brown seaweed through optimization of extraction parameters [89] Alginates and other derivatives (fucoidan, biochar, etc.) were successfully extracted from brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum through MAE [90] Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE)…”

“…MAE has been employed to extract seaweed hydrocolloids and other derivatives from both red and brown seaweeds and their results are impressive (Table 5). High quality seaweed hydrocolloids with less extraction time and solvent consumption were obtained through this sustainable green method [83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90]. Highly purified carrageenan; identical to commercial carrageenan was successfully obtained from both popular (E. cottonii and E. spinosum) and less well known (Hypnea musiformis) red seaweed species [83,88].…”

The influence of locust bean gum on native and alkali-modified agar gels

“…The physicochemical properties known to influence the interactions between agars and LBG were determined following previously described procedures Sousa et al, 2012;Villanueva et al, 2010). Standard methods for chemical determinations included the turbidimetry method of Jackson & McCandless (1978) for sulfates and the colorimetric method of Yaphe and Arsenault for LA content (Yaphe & Arsenault, 1965).…”

“…The viscosity-average molecular mass (M v ) was determined from intrinsic viscosity measurements using the Mark-Houwink equation (Rochas & Lahaye, 1989) as described in our previous paper (Sousa et al, 2012). Table 1 lists the physicochemical properties obtained for each agar.…”

Characterization of agar from Gracilaria tikvahiae cultivated for nutrient bioextraction in open water farms

“…A Cannon-Fenske viscometer for transparent liquids (according to ASTM D-2515) was used to measure intrinsic viscosities ([η]; mL/g) following the procedure described by Sousa et al, 2012. Diluted agar solutions were prepared using 0.75 mol/L NaSCN to inhibit agar aggregation.…”