The
review presents a detailed discussion of the evolving field
studying interactions between ionic liquids (ILs) and biological systems.
Originating from molten salt electrolytes to present multiapplication
substances, ILs have found usage across various fields due to their
exceptional physicochemical properties, including excellent tunability.
However, their interactions with biological systems and potential
influence on living organisms remain largely unexplored. This review
examines the cytotoxic effects of ILs on cell cultures, biomolecules,
and vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Our understanding of IL
toxicity, while growing in recent years, is yet nascent. The established
findings include correlations between harmful effects of ILs and their
ability to disturb cellular membranes, their potential to trigger
oxidative stress in cells, and their ability to cause cell death via
apoptosis. Future research directions proposed in the review include
studying the distribution of various ILs within cellular compartments
and organelles, investigating metabolic transformations of ILs in
cells and organisms, detailed analysis of IL effects on proteins involved
in oxidative stress and apoptosis, correlation studies between IL
doses, exposure times and resulting adverse effects, and examination
of effects of subtoxic concentrations of ILs on various biological
objects. This review aims to serve as a critical analysis of the current
body of knowledge on IL-related toxicity mechanisms. Furthermore,
it can guide researchers toward the design of less toxic ILs and the
informed use of ILs in drug development and medicine.