Structural, Spectroscopic, and Computational Analysis of Heterometallic Thorium Phosphinidiide Complexes

Abstract

To synthesize complexes with thorium–phosphorus multiple-bond character, reactions of (C5Me5)2Th­[P­(H)­Mes]2 with monovalent alkali-metal bases, MN­(SiMe3)2, as well as CuMes, have been investigated. The results with MN­(SiMe3)2 are phosphinidiide complexes of the form {(C5Me5)2Th­[μ2-P­(Mes)]­[μ2-P­(H)­Mes]­M­(L) n }2 (M = Na, n = 0; M = K, L = THF, n = 1; M = Rb, L = THF, n = 1; M = Cs, L = Et2O, n = 1). With CuMes, the product is a Th2Cu3P5 heterometallic structure, {(C5Me5)2Th­[(μ2-P­(H)­Mes)­P­(Mes)]­Cu}2Cu­[μ2-P­(H)­Mes]. All complexes have been characterized using heteronuclear NMR and IR spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and their solid-state structure identified by X-ray crystallography. We also report the structure of {(C5Me5)2Th­[(μ2-As­(H)­Mes)­As­(Mes)]­Cu}2Cu­[μ2-As­(H)­Mes] obtained from (C5Me5)2Th­[As­(H)­Mes]2 with CuMes.

31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Probe of Thorium–Phosphorus Bond Covalency: Correlating Phosphorus Chemical Shift to Metal–Phosphorus Bond Order

“…We surveyed the literature and selected a range of representative compounds that were structurally characterized, have clear 31 P NMR data, and cover the range of dative single bond phosphines, covalent single bond phosphanides, covalent double bond phosphinidenes, and covalent triple bond phosphidos. In addition to 1 – 4 , this adds an additional 57 complexes to the analysis, spanning Th, Sc, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, and Ni metals, all computed at the same B3LYP level as 1 – 4 , Table S6. − ,,,,,,,,,− We thus plotted δ iso values vs computed MBOs for a wide range of Th and groups 3–10 of the transition metals, Figure .…”

“…It is also the case that many An complexes are paramagnetic, so the range of diamagnetic An–P derivatives is relatively limited, and although Th­(IV) is diamagnetic, its bonding is usually more ionic than that of, for example, U, and hence synthesizing and isolating stable Th–ligand multiple bond linkages is often more challenging for the larger Th compared to U on HSAB and steric reasons. Furthermore, to realistically use 31 P NMR spectroscopy for covalency studies a family of related molecules with varied An–P bond types is required to rigorously construct the necessary framework approach where a single molecular example would not suffice, and there are relatively few complexes with direct An–P bonds that can be described as meeting that criterion. − It is also the case that An–P bonds are generally prone to decomposition in the presence of air or moisture, making studies more experimentally challenging to undertake. Lastly, another challenge of incorporating 31 P NMR as a tool for studying An-covalency is that the 31 P nucleus is exceedingly sensitive to its environment (bond lengths, hybridization, molecular dynamics, formal molecule charge, phase, solvent), which can render rigorous and systematic understanding challenging to acquire, again highlighting the need for structurally related An–P molecules from which to validate the use of 31 P NMR spectroscopy in probing covalency.…”

f-Element heavy pnictogen chemistry

“…Walensky and co-workers also derivatised 53 to synthesise the bridging phosphide/phosphinidiide thorium complex [{Th(Cp*) 2 (μ-PTripp)(μ-PHTripp)(K)} 2 ] ( 58 ), Scheme 17, 87 which paved the way to a number of derivatives. 88–92 The reaction of 53 with one equivalent of KN(SiMe 3 ) 2 gave 58 in a yield of 64% via the elimination of one equivalent of HN(SiMe 3 ) 3 . It was found that if the deprotonation reaction was conducted in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand the monomeric phosphide/phosphinidene complex [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Th(Cp*) 2 (PTripp)}(PHTripp)] ( 59 ) was obtained.…”