The functionalization of nanomaterials offers a significant
impact
on environmental protection. Three silver composites, silver nanocubes
(Ag NCs) with cellulose (Ag-CE), Ag NCs with chitosan (Ag-CH), and
Ag NCs with neutral alumina (Ag-NA), were synthesized with the incorporation
of a very low concentration of Ag NCs. The synthesized Ag-composites
were used for the detection of hazardous analytes, 4-mercaptobenzoic
acid (4-MBA), rhodamine 6G (R6G), and methylene blue (MB), via a highly
sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. The
enhancement factors for the detection of MB were found to be 1.2 ×
106, 1.4 × 106, and 3.7 × 105 using Ag-CE, Ag-CH, and Ag-NA, respectively. Limits of detection
of 1 nM, 100 pM, and 100 μM were achieved for MB using Ag-CE,
Ag-CH, and Ag-NA, respectively. The Ag-CH composite achieved excellent
sensitivity and enhancement for the detection of MB compared to the
other two Ag-composites. The order of detection efficiency of MB using
Ag-composites was measured theoretically and follows the order Ag-CH
> Ag-CE > Ag-NA. A real-time filtration unit showed excellent
efficiency
for MB removal. The present method can be employed in commercial filtration
processes for the benefit of the environment and sustainable development.