Structural Stability within the Lateral Cerebellar Nucleus of the Rat Following Complex Motor Learning

Kleim, Jeffrey A.; Pipitone, Michelle A.; Czerlanis, Cheryl; Greenough, William T.

doi:10.1006/nlme.1998.3828

Cited by 42 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, the behavioral demands associated with a given training experience may dictate the nature and locus of plasticity. For example, contrary to conditioning of the eyeblink response, the development of more complex motor skills involving coordinated limb movements is not associated with changes in synapse number within deep cerebellar nuclei (20). In addition, trace eyeblink conditioning was associated with an increase in the area of synaptic contacts within the hippocampus but not an overall increase in synapse number (31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Synapse formation is associated with memory storage in the cerebellum

Kleim

Freeman

Bruneau

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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124

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The idea that memory is encoded by means of synaptic growth is not new. However, this idea has been difficult to demonstrate in the mammalian brain because of both the complexity of mammalian behavior and the neural circuitry by which it is supported. Here we examine how eyeblink classical conditioning affects synapse number within the cerebellum; the brain region essential for long-term retention of the conditioned response. Results showed eyeblink-conditioned rats to have significantly more synapses per neuron within the cerebellar interpositus nucleus than both explicitly unpaired and untrained controls. Further analysis showed that the increase was caused by the addition of excitatory rather than inhibitory synapses. Thus, development of the conditioned eyeblink response is associated with a strengthening of inputs from precerebellar nuclei rather than from cerebellar cortex. These results demonstrate that the modifications of specific neural pathways by means of synaptogenesis contributes to formation of a specific memory within the mammalian brain.For every act of memory, every exercise of bodily aptitude, every habit, recollection, train of ideas, there is a specific neural grouping, or co-ordination, of sensations and movement, by virtue of specific growths in cell junctions (1).T he neural circuits critical for the acquisition and performance of the conditioned eyeblink response are localized to the cerebellum (2). Information regarding the unconditioned stimulus (US) and conditioned stimulus (CS) converge within both the cerebellar cortex and the interpositus nucleus. CS information is relayed via ponto-cerebellar projections, whereas US information is relayed via the olivo-cerebellar pathway (2, 3). Although the cerebellar cortex is involved in modulating some aspects of the conditioned response (CR) (4, 5), the interpositus nucleus is the critical brain structure supporting long-term retention of the CR (2, 6, 7). Neuronal activity within the interpositus nucleus is highly correlated with development of the CR (5, 7), and inactivation of the interpositus prevents both CR acquisition and performance (8).Although the locus of the memory trace is clear, the cellular mechanisms underlying the formation of the CS͞US association are poorly understood. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including increases in the intrinsic excitability of interpositus neurons and reduced inhibition via depression of Purkinje cell activity (9). The fact that inhibition of specific synaptic enzymes (10) and neurotransmitter receptors (11) within the interpositus nucleus impair learning suggests that changes in synaptic function are involved. Transient changes in enzyme or receptor activity, however, would seem incapable of supporting the long-term encoding of the CS͞US association. Recent work has shown that microinjections of a protein synthesis inhibitor into the interpositus nucleus impairs the acquisition but not the expression of the CR (12). This finding suggests that strengthening of the CS pathway may involve more...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…1A). Inhibitory synapses were identified by the presence of at least three oval or flattened synaptic vesicles (20)(21)(22) (Fig. 1B).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synapse formation is associated with memory storage in the cerebellum

Kleim

Freeman

Bruneau

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

164

124

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“…These tasks' learning (acrobatics) is seen as the one able to produce a deep remodeling in the intrinsic interconnectivity of the cerebellar cortex (KLEIM, 1998). Such aspect was investigated in an area of the cerebellar cortex that receives somatosensory and proprioceptive inputs from anterior and posterior limbs of the animal: the paramedian lobe (ANDERSON, 1996;KLINTSOVA,2002;KRUTKI;MRO-WCZYNSKI, 2002).…”

Section: Motor Learning Inducing Cerebellar Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(ANDERSON, 1996;KLEIM, 1998). In the acrobatic condition, the tasks consisted of crossing obstacles that required some degree of coordination and balance as: plane bridges that progressively became narrow, vertical stretched ropes ("hand-stair"), mobile bridges using a rope (stretched in each side), paths with barriers in elevation, etc.…”

Section: Application Of Experimental Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensory-motor Integration and Synaptic Plasticity in Cerebellar Córtex

Cunha¹,

Bastos²,

Silva³

et al. 2003

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CUNHA, M.; BASTOS, V.H.; SILVA, A.; FURTADO, V.; VEIGA, H.; PIEDADE, R.; RIBEIRO, A.P. Sensory-motor integration and synaptic plasticity in the cerebelar cortex. Fitness & Performance Journal, v.2, n.2, p. 91-96, 2003. Rua Antonio Carlos, 97 -Porto Velho -São Gonçalo -RJ ABSTRACT: The present study aims to investigate the synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum as a result of the learning process of complex (acrobatic) motor skills. It begins with an anatomical and physiological description of the cerebellum, which includes its division into lobes, the relationship with other areas of the Central Nervous System, and a detailed analysis of its internal circuits.Next, an approach regarding disitnct models which attempt to explain how the cerebellum functions as it incorporates new motor patterns to the system is made. Finally, results of different experimental studies which investigated the cerebellar synaptic remodelling in acrobatic trained rats are assembled. The acrobatic training consisted of activities demanding a high level of coordination and balance. The trainned rats were compared to others submitted to simple exercises and to inactive groups. The three groups of rats were sacrifi ced and studied with an electronic microscope.Keywords: Cerebellum, Sensory-Motor Integration, Motor Learning, Sinaptic Plasticity 91-96 RESUMO Integração sensório-motora e plasticidade sináptica no córtex cerebelar O presente artigo revisa o fenômeno de plasticidade sináptica no cerebelo estimulada pelo processo de aprendizagem de habilidades motoras complexas (acrobáticas). Inicia com uma descrição anatômica e fisiológica do cerebelo que inclui, sua divisão em lobos, relação com outras áreas do sistema nervoso central e uma análise mais refinada dos seus circuitos internos. A seguir é feita uma abordagem sobre diferentes modelos que tentam explicar como o cerebelo atua ao incorporar novos padrões motores ao sistema. Por último são reunidos os resultados de diferentes estudos experimentais que investigaram a remodelagem sináptica cerebelar em ratos treinados com atividades acrobáticas exigindo elevado grau de coordenação e balanço. Eles foram então comparados com outros grupos submetidos a exercícios de natureza simples e a um grupo inativo, que igualmente aos primeiros, foram sacrificados e estudados ao microscópio eletrônico.Palavras-chave: Cerebelo, Integração Sensório-Motora, Aprendizagem Motora, Plasticidade Sináptica RESUMEN Integración Sensório-motora y plasticidad sináptica en la corteza cerebelar Lo presente artículo revisa el fenómeno de plasticidad sináptica en el cerebelo estimulada por el proceso de aprendizaje de habilidades motoras complejas (acrobáticas). Inicia con una descripción anatómica y fisiológica del cerebelo que incluye, su división en lobos, relación con otras áreas del sistema nervioso central y un análisis más refinada de sus circuitos internos. La seguir es hecha un abordaje sobre diferentes modelos que intentan explicar como el cerebelo actúa al incorporar nuevos patrones motores al sistema. Por...

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“…La aprendizaje de tareas de esa naturaleza (acrobáticas) es tenida como capaz de producir una profunda remodelaje en la red interconectiva intrínseca a la corteza cerebelar (Kleim et al, 1998). Tal aspecto fue investigado en un área de la corteza cerebelar que recibe inputs somato sensorial y proproceptivo de los miembros anterior y posterior del animal: el lóbulo paramedio (Anderson et al, 1996;Krutki & Mrowczynski, 2002;Klintsova et al, 2002).…”

Section: Aprendizaje Motora Induciendo Plasticidad Cerebelarunclassified