main mechanisms underlying acute kidney injury, according to experimental evidence, is poor sodium reabsorption, mitochondrial stress, and pyruvate depletion all contribute to bioenergetic failure [1]. Ninety-five percent of renal ATP is produced in the mitochondria primarily through oxidative phosphorylation. The main substrates for this ATP production include amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, and ketone bodies. The preferred substrate, however, differs along the nephron. For instance, the proximal tubule has a low capacity to metabolize glucose and primarily uses fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids as energy sources, despite the fact that more distal parts
ARTICLE INFO