Structure and CO2 budget of Merapi volcano during inter-eruptive periods

Toutain, Jean; Sortino, Francesco; Baubron, Jean-Claude; Richon, Patrick; Surono,; Sumarti, Sri; Nonell, Anthony

doi:10.1007/s00445-009-0266-x

Cited by 46 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…At the inferred shallow depth (<10 km) and associated low pressure of crustal CO 2 liberation, it is unlikely that the CO 2 is redissolved back into the melt. Instead, CO 2 is more likely to be lost through fumarolic activity or diffuse degassing (Holloway and Blank 1994;Toutain et al 2009;Troll et al 2012). Large increases of CO 2 /SO 2 , CO 2 /HCl and CO 2 /H 2 O were detected in fumarolic gases in the months leading up to the 2010 eruption, with a dramatic increase in CO 2 abundance from 10 mol% in September 2010 up to 35-63 mol% on 20 October, interpreted to be due to a progressive shift to degassing of a deeper magmatic source (Surono et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre- and syn-eruptive degassing and crystallisation processes of the 2010 and 2006 eruptions of Merapi volcano, Indonesia

Preece

Gertisser

Barclay

et al. 2014

Contrib Mineral Petrol

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clasts resulting from sub-plinian convective column collapse. This paper presents geochemical data for melt inclusions and their clinopyroxene hosts extracted from dense dome lava, grey scoria and white pumice generated during the peak of the 2010 eruption. These are compared with clinopyroxenehosted melt inclusions from scoriaceous dome fragments from the prolonged dome-forming 2006 eruption, to elucidate any relationship between pre-eruptive degassing and crystallisation processes and eruptive style. Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of volatiles (H 2 O, CO 2 ) and light lithophile elements (Li, B, Be) is augmented by electron microprobe analysis of major elements and volatiles (Cl, S, F) in melt inclusions and groundmass glass. Geobarometric analysis shows that the clinopyroxene phenocrysts crystallised at depths of up to 20 km, with the greatest calculated depths associated with phenocrysts from the white pumice. Based on their volatile contents, melt inclusions have reequilibrated during shallower storage and/or ascent, at depths of ~0.6-9.7 km, where the Merapi magma system is interpreted to be highly interconnected and not formed of discrete magma reservoirs. Melt inclusions enriched in Li show uniform "buffered" Cl concentrations, indicating the presence of an exsolved brine phase. Boron-enriched inclusions also support the presence of a brine phase, which helped to stabilise B in the melt. Calculations based on S concentrations in melt inclusions and groundmass glass require a degassing melt volume of 0.36 km 3 in order to produce the mass of SO 2 emitted during the 2010 eruption. This volume is approximately an order of magnitude higher than the erupted magma (DRE) volume. The transition between the contrasting eruptive styles in 2010 and 2006 is linked to changes in magmatic flux and changes in degassing style, with the explosive activity in 2010 driven by an influx of deep magma, which overwhelmed the shallower magma system and ascended rapidly, accompanied by closed-system degassing. AbstractThe 2010 eruption of Merapi (VEI 4) was the volcano's largest since 1872. In contrast to the prolonged and effusive dome-forming eruptions typical of Merapi's recent activity, the 2010 eruption began explosively, before a new dome was rapidly emplaced. This new dome was subsequently destroyed by explosions, generating pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), predominantly consisting of dark coloured, dense blocks of basaltic andesite dome lava. A shift towards open-vent conditions in the later stages of the eruption culminated in multiple explosions and the generation of PDCs with conspicuous grey scoria and white pumice Communicated by O. Müntener. Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre- and syn-eruptive degassing and crystallisation processes of the 2010 and 2006 eruptions of Merapi volcano, Indonesia

Preece

Gertisser

Barclay

et al. 2014

Contrib Mineral Petrol

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“…CO 2 flux surveys often reveal lineaments of high gas fluxes and faults related to the regional tectonic structures (e.g. Baubron et al 1990;Williams-Jones et al 2000;Aiuppa et al 2004;Werner and Cardellini 2006;Toutain et al 2009). In order to measure CO 2 flux, the accumulation chamber method has become a routine prospection and monitoring tool on many volcanic and geothermal sites since more than 10 years (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 and He degassing at El Chichón volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: gas flux, origin and relationship with local and regional tectonics

et al. 2011

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During 2007-2008, three CO 2 flux surveys were performed on El Chichón volcanic lake, Chiapas, Mexico, with an additional survey in April 2008 covering the entire crater floor (including the lake). The mean CO 2 flux calculated by sequential Gaussian simulation from the lake was 1,190 (March 2007), 730 (December 2007) and 1,134 g m −2 day −1 (April 2008) with total emission rates of 164±9.5 (March 2007), 59±2.5 (December 2007) and 109± 6.6 t day −1 (April 2008). The mean CO 2 flux estimated from the entire crater floor area was 1,102 g m −2 day −1 for April 2008 with a total emission rate of 144±5.9 t day −1 . Significant change in CO 2 flux was not detected during the period of survey, and the mapping of the CO 2 flux highlighted lineaments reflecting the main local and regional tectonic patterns. The 3 He/ 4 He ratio (as high as 8.1 R A ) for gases in the El Chichón crater is generally higher than those observed at the neighbouring Transmexican Volcanic Belt and the Central American Volcanic Arc. The CO 2 / 3 He ratios for the high 3 He/ 4 He gases tend to have the MORB-like values (1.41×10 9 ), and the CO 2 / 3 He ratios for the lower 3 He/ 4 He gases fall within the range for the arc-type gases. The high 3 He/ 4 He ratios, the MORB-like CO 2 / 3 He ratios for the high 3 He/ 4 He gases and high proportion of MORB-CO 2 (M=25 ±15%) at El Chichón indicate a greater depth for the generation of magma when compared to typical arc volcanoes.

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“…6b). The only well documented Indonesian volcano to compare with is Merapi, where the plume CO 2 output averages 350 t d −1 (Allard et al, 1995;, but where summit soil degassing of magma-derived CO 2 adds another~230 t/d (Toutain et al, 2009). Finally, we show ( Table 2) that Bromo also emits significant amounts of H 2 S (25 ± 12 t d…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our current knowledge for volcanic degassing in Indonesia is even more lacking for other major volcanic gas species such as H 2 O and CO 2 , whose emission rates were quantified at only one single volcano, Merapi in central Java (Allard et al, 1995(Allard et al, , 2011Toutain et al, 2009). Published volcanic gas analyses are available for only~10 Indonesian volcanoes (compiled in Pfeffer, 2007), which makes quantifying regional gas flux inventories very problematic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First determination of magma-derived gas emissions from Bromo volcano, eastern Java (Indonesia)

Aiuppa

Bani

Moussallam

et al. 2015

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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The composition and fluxes of volcanic gases released by persistent open-vent degassing at Bromo Volcano, east Java (Indonesia), were characterised in September 2014 from both in-situ Multi-GAS analysis and remote spectroscopic (dual UV camera) measurements of volcanic plume emissions. Our results demonstrate that Bromo volcanic gas is water-rich (H 2 O/SO 2 ratios of 56-160) and has CO 2 /SO 2 (4.1 ± 0.7) and CO 2 /S tot (3.2 ± 0.7) ratios within the compositional range of other high-temperature magma-derived gases in Indonesia. H 2 /H 2 O and H 2 S/SO 2 ratios constrain a magmatic gas source with minimal temperature of~700°C and oxygen fugacity of 10 , which is ten times higher than reported from few previous studies. Our results indicate that Bromo ranks amongst the strongest sources of quiescent volcanic SO 2 emission measured to date in Indonesia, being comparable to Merapi volcano in central Java. By combining our results for the gas composition with the SO 2 plume flux, we assess for the first time the fluxes of H 2 O (4725 ± 2292 t d ) and H 2 (1.1 ± 0.8) from Bromo. Our study thus contributes a new piece of information to the still limited data base for volcanic gas emissions in Indonesia, and confirms that much remain to be done to fully assess the contribution of this very active arc region to global volcanic gas fluxes.

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Structure and CO2 budget of Merapi volcano during inter-eruptive periods

Cited by 46 publications

References 37 publications

Pre- and syn-eruptive degassing and crystallisation processes of the 2010 and 2006 eruptions of Merapi volcano, Indonesia

Pre- and syn-eruptive degassing and crystallisation processes of the 2010 and 2006 eruptions of Merapi volcano, Indonesia

CO2 and He degassing at El Chichón volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: gas flux, origin and relationship with local and regional tectonics

First determination of magma-derived gas emissions from Bromo volcano, eastern Java (Indonesia)

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