Structure and Dielectric Studies of Sn⁴⁺/Er³⁺ co-doped BaTiO₃ Nano-Powders

Abstract

Nanocrystalline barium titanate (BTO3) powders annealed at 1050 • C for 4 h, were synthesized using the sol-gel method and the effects of Sn 4+ /Er 3+ co-doping (BTSO3:2Er) on microstructure and dielectric properties of BTO3 powders, were investigated. The crystalline structure, microstructure, molecular structure, and dielectric properties were investigated using X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, the Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, and dielectric spectrometer. X-ray powder diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of both BTO3 and BTSO3:2Er in a single tetragonal phase. For BTSO3:2Er sample, the particle size decreased from 64 for pure BTO3 to 57.11 nm for BTSO3:2Er, inhibiting grain growth upon co-doping with Sn 4+ /Er 3+ ions. Further, according to field emission scanning electron microscope observations, the Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy analysis showed a new band assigned to M-O. Correspondingly, BTSO3:2Er showed an anomaly relaxation peak whose maximum was positioned at temperature value (174 • C) higher than the Curie temperature (TC) according to permittivity measurements. Its TC shifted from 125 to 103 • C and permittivity considerably increased to become ten times greater than that of pure BTO3, revealing enhancements of dielectric properties upon doping with Sn 4+ /Er 3+ ions. Also, AC conductivity for BTSO3:2Er sample considerably increased due to the formation of excess oxygen vacancies.

Structural, morphological, and opto‐electrical properties of Y2‐xYbxO3nanoparticles synthesized using co‐precipitation method

“…But as the concentration increases upto x = 0.14, there is small dispersion in the dielectric constant in a lower frequency range. This behavior may be attributed to the presence of interfacial polarization dominating at lower frequencies 54 . The dielectric loss (Figure 7B), shows similar behavior ie increases with an increase in dopant concentration.…”

“…This behavior may be attributed to the presence of interfacial polarization dominating at lower frequencies. 54 The dielectric loss ( Figure 7B), shows similar behavior ie increases with an increase in dopant concentration. For x = 0.14 concentration the increase in dielectric loss is very sharp which may be caused due to non-alignment of dipoles with the applied frequency.…”

Aerosol Spray Assisted Synthesis of Ni Doped BaTiO3 Hollow Porous Spheres/Graphene as Photoanode for Water Splitting

“…30 Strong peaks corresponding to oxygen functional groups such as carboxylate C-O (1049 cm −1 ) in all samples, while the peaks at 1629 cm −1 pointed out the O-H bending modes of water molecules. 31 The peaks which appear in the range of 3000-3500 cm −1 are described as the O-H stretching vibrations. 21 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation.-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) emphasizes the elemental composition and the oxidation state in the Ni doped BaTiO 3 /RGO nanocomposite.…”

Er<sup>3+</sup> and Er<sup>3+</sup>/Yb<sup>3+</sup> Ions Embedded in Nano-Structure BaTi<sub>0.9</sub>Sn<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>3</sub>: Structure, Morphology and Dielectric Properties

“…The BTSO: 0.5Er morphology properties as example powder can be described based on the microstructure, as appeared in Figure 3(A) and Figure 3(B). TEM image of BTSO: 0.5Er powders calcinated in air for 4 h at 1050˚C is illustrated in It is clearly seen some agglomerate clusters containing many small grains with tetragonal shape that could be a signature of crystallinity properties of samples [33]. The particle size was obtained by averaging the crystallite size total number in the TEM (JEOL JEM-1230) micrograph.…”