Structure and function of the CBL–CIPK Ca2+-decoding system in plant calcium signaling

Drought tolerance of transgenic rice overexpressing maize C₄-PEPC gene related to increased anthocyanin synthesis regulated by sucrose and calcium

“…The PC can regulate related genes through downstream-dependent protein kinases including CPK4, CPK9, SnRK1A, OsK24, and Osk35 and some transcription factor genes NAC6 and bZIP60 via Ca 2+ signaling during the early drought response (Liu et al 2017). The CBLs in plants can sense Ca 2+ signaling (Zhu et al 2013) but then must transmit signals only by recruiting SnRK3 (Batistic and Kudla 2009). Calcium B-type phosphatase 1 acts as a calcium signaling-related protein that senses intracellular Ca 2+ and Glu signaling and regulates stomata by interacting with SnRK3 in response to stress (Sanyal et al 2015, Sibaji et al 2017.…”

“…The C4 cycle serves as a 'CO2 pump' that concentrates CO2 in the leaf and suppresses photorespiration (Dai et al 1993). Under conditions of drought, high temperature, and nitrogen or CO2 limitation, C4 plants have a competitive advantage over C3 plants (Zhu et al 2010). Therefore, introducing the C4-type photosynthetic cycle to C3 plants such as rice to build "C4 Rice" will be an important scientific strategy to address food security in the future (Von Caemmerer et al 2012).…”

Both NaCl and H2O2 Long-Term Stresses Affect Basal Cytosolic Ca2+ Levels but Only NaCl Alters Cytosolic Ca2+ Signatures in Arabidopsis

“…Environmental stimuli activate the Ca 2+ channels in general located at the plasma membrane and/or endomembranes, leading to the increases in [Ca 2+ ] i ( Hetherington and Brownlee, 2004 ; Ward et al, 2009 ). The Ca 2+ signature encodes information from the environmental stimuli and is then decoded by intracellular Ca 2+ sensors, such as CBL proteins and calmodulins, which initiate the downstream events ( Clapham, 2007 ; Zhu et al, 2013 ). Over the past decades, a significant progress has been made in understanding the changes in [Ca 2+ ] i that were induced by various abiotic and biotic stresses in plants, including the responses to salt stress, drought, oxidative stress, high and low temperatures, mechanical wounding, and pathogen elicitors ( McAinsh and Pittman, 2009 ; Dodd et al, 2010 ; Ma and Berkowitz, 2011 ; Kaya et al, 2014 ; Yuan et al, 2014 ).…”

“…In plants, every specific [Ca 2+ ] i signature is generated by the accurately manipulated activities of Ca 2+ channels and transporters which are located in different tissues, organelles, and membranes. Cytosolic Ca 2+ sensors include the calcineurin B-like (CBL) protein families, the Ca 2+ -dependent protein kinase (CDPK), the calmodulin (CaM), and the calmodulin-like (CML), which could monitor and decode the information loaded in [Ca 2+ ] i signatures, allowing plants to give a quick response and tightly adapt to the ever-changing environment ( Harper and Harmon, 2005 ; Dodd et al, 2010 ; Zhu et al, 2013 ). Previously we analyzed that the relationship and interaction of the [Ca 2+ ] i increases are induced by salt stress and ROS in a short-term regime and found that NaCl-gated Ca 2+ channels (NaC) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-gated Ca 2+ channels (HpC) are different ( Jiang et al, 2013 ).…”

Overexpression of CBL interacting protein kinase 2 improves plant tolerance to salinity and mercury

“…Calcium is a second messenger controlling a variety of actions including gene expression (Dodd et al 2010). The change of calcium signals is initially sensed and decoded by calcium sensors and, in turn, calcium sensor interacting proteins transmit resulting signals to the downstream effectors to activate the expression of early response genes, finally leading to a wide range of physiological processes (Sanders et al 2002, Batistič and Kudla 2012, Zhu et al 2013. In the past decade, calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), calcium sensor proteins, CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), and Ca 2+ -dependent serine/threonine kinases have been identified as a plant-specific signalling system that functions in biotic and abiotic stress responses (Kolukisaoglu et al 2004, Xu et al 2006, Luan 2009, Weinl and Kudla 2009, Hashimoto and Kudla 2011, De la Torre et al 2013.…”