Structure and Properties of Bioactive Glass-Modified Calcium Phosphate/Calcium Sulfate Biphasic Porous Self-Curing Bone Repair Materials and Preliminary Research on Their Osteogenic Effect

Abstract

In this study, calcium phosphate (CP)/calcium sulfate biphasic bone repair materials were modified with bioactive-glass (BG) to construct a self-curing bone repair material. Tetracalcium phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) with different BG ratios and phosphate solution were reacted to prepare a porous self-curing bone repair material (CP/CSH/BG). The solidification time was about 12 min, and the material was morphologically stable in 24 h. The porosity was about 50%, with a pore size around 200 μm. The strength of CP/CSH/BG was approaching trabecular bone, and could be gradually degraded in Tris-HCl solution. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in the leaching solution of the materials. Cytotoxicity was detected using Cell Counting Kit 8 assays, and the expression of osteogenesis-related biomarkers was detected using quantitative real‑time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that all BG groups had increased ALP and ARS staining, implying that the BG groups could promote osteoblast mineralization in vitro. qRT-PCR showed significant upregulation of bone-related gene expression (Osx, Ocn, Runx2, and Col1) in the 20% BG group (p < 0.05). Therefore, the CP/CSH/BG self-curing bone repair materials can promote osteogenesis, and might be applied for bone regeneration, especially for polymorphic bone defect repair.

Enhanced Cell Osteogenic Differentiation in Alendronate Acid and Flufenamic Acid Drug-Impregnated Nanoparticles of Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Composite Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement In Vitro

“…High wetting ratios can increase the setting time to unacceptable values and can cause the washing away of the unset cement if exposed to an aqueous environment. Studies have shown that a curing time of 15–20 min is appropriate after delivering CPC slurry to the repair sites for bone defect rehabilitation [ 27 ].…”

“…High wetting ratios can increase the setting time to unacceptable values and can cause the washing away of the unset cement if exposed to an aqueous environment. Studies have shown that a curing time of 15-20 min is appropriate after delivering CPC slurry to the repair sites for bone defect rehabilitation [27]. Working time is defined as the time during which no mutual adhesion, and setting time is when the mixed slurry exhibits a certain strength after initial hardening.…”

Limitations and modifications in the clinical application of calcium sulfate

“…However, its poor resorbability hinders the formation of new bone and obstructs bone healing ( 14 , 15 ), and calcium phosphate cement hardly induces the formation of a bone-like HA layer in vitro and in vivo ( 16 ) Several previous studies have reported that tricalcium phosphate resorbs over a period lasting between 6 and 18 months ( 10 , 17 ), whereas hydroxyapatite can resorb over a period ranging from 6 months to 10 years ( 11 ). Bioactive glasses possess excellent osteoconductivity and the ability to stimulate bone formation, while their high brittleness and poor resorbability limit their application in load-bearing sites ( 18 , 19 ).…”

“…Currently, bone substitute materials have been an area of intense research interest, and a variety of materials have been used to fill bone defects and promote bone regeneration, including autografts, allografts, calcium phosphate, bioglass, calcium sulfate, and their compounds (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). However, each bone substitute has its own unique advantages and disadvantages (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19).…”