Structure and property evolution during drawing and wall ironing of aluminum alloy 3004

Effect of deformation condition on plastic anisotropy of as-rolled 7050 aluminum alloy plate

“…Modeling of in-plane anisotropy, with crystallographic texture, precipitate volume fractions, grain morphology and the associated grain aspect ratio as the major variables has been undertaken [18]. Crystallographic texture has both direct and indirect effects on the plastic anisotropy of aluminum alloys [19][20][21]. Direct effects are due to the orientation of the crystals and slip systems with respect to applied stresses and grain morphologies.…”

Crystallographic Texture Evolution of Aluminum Alloy 3104 in the Drawn and Wall Ironing (DWI) Process

“…The total area percent reduction of 52% mentioned in Merchant's work is approximate to the 48% used in the present work for the redraw operation. This rotation/alignment with the flow (ironing) direction is also mentioned in relation to microbands detected at the top wall of the can after the 3 rd ironing operation before the metal is heated in the curing oven 15 . A possible explanation for the rotating pole figures is the gradual alignment of the grains with the metal flow direction, which would continue if extra ironing operation were to happen.…”

“…It was measured cross-rolling to 45° and 90°, showing that the smaller is the cross-rolling angle, the smaller is the deformation required to recover the typical aluminum deformation texture. Besides this, the alignment of the grain with the flow direction is mentioned by Merchant when observing the microstructure resulting from the second draw, here called redraw (2 nd stage) 15 . The total area percent reduction of 52% mentioned in Merchant's work is approximate to the 48% used in the present work for the redraw operation.…”

“…To produce a can is necessary intermediate steps that goes through in transformation from a rolled sheet into a cylindrical shaped body. In his work, H. Merchant et al measured a decrease in mechanical properties of the alloy 3004 after the first drawing operation in the cup wall and afterwards an increase during the ironing operations 15 . In the same work, a texture rotation is mentioned with differences between the cup top wall, where sizing occurs and thus a significant amount of strain hardening, and the mid wall.…”

“…al. notes a rotation of the microband alignment in the direction of the can axis 15 . In the drawing and ironing processes the balanced texture is a very important feature, and ears caused by crystallographic disposition tendencies can become a problem 2 .…”