Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates collected from southern China were characterized by biological indexing on citrus indicators, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and bi-directional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (BD-PCR) analysis of their coat protein (CP) genes. Of the 30 isolates, only two isolates, N3 and N4, did not induce visible symptoms. Twenty-eight other isolates induced stem pitting and vein clearing, plant stunting, and leaf yellowing symptoms on Mexican lime, Duncan grapefruit, and sour orange seedlings. In BD-PCR analysis, a 392-bp fragment specific for the mild strains was amplified from isolates N3 and N4, and a 320-bp fragment specific for the severe strains was produced from the other 28 isolates. The RFLP analysis for RT-PCR products of the CP gene with restriction enzyme HinfI identified seven groups representing groups I-VI and a new group, which was not involved in the seven groups defined by Gillings (J Virol Methods 44:305-317, 1993). The sequences of the CP genes from 12 Chinese CTV isolates showed a high divergence, with 91.5-99.7% identities at the nucleotide level and 94.2-99.6% identities at the amino acid level. Our results suggest that the composition of CTV populations from China has a high genetic diversity in the CP gene.