Structure, composition, and chemical reactivity of carbon nanotubes by selective nitrogen doping

Maldonado, Stephen; Morin, Stephen A.; Stevenson, Keith J.

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2005.11.027

Cited by 704 publications

(530 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…It is evidenced from experiments that metal atoms may be trapped in the reconstructed vacancies [284]. Substitutional non-carbon atoms embedded in the graphitic lattice, such as nitrogen and boron dopants, possess more or less valence electrons than that of carbon atoms, and thus increase the surface reactivity [285]. Moreover, nitrogen-doped graphene is an efficient electrocatalyst for reduction processes [286,287].…”

Section: Disorders In Graphene Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of graphene and its disorders: a review

Gao

Lee

et al. 2018

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

531

187

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Monolayer graphene exhibits extraordinary properties owing to the unique, regular arrangement of atoms in it. However, graphene is usually modified for specific applications, which introduces disorder. This article presents details of graphene structure, including sp2 hybridization, critical parameters of the unit cell, formation of σ and π bonds, electronic band structure, edge orientations, and the number and stacking order of graphene layers. We also discuss topics related to the creation and configuration of disorders in graphene, such as corrugations, topological defects, vacancies, adatoms and sp3-defects. The effects of these disorders on the electrical, thermal, chemical and mechanical properties of graphene are analyzed subsequently. Finally, we review previous work on the modulation of structural defects in graphene for specific applications.

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Section: Disorders In Graphene Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of graphene and its disorders: a review

Gao

Lee

et al. 2018

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

531

187

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Modification of CNTs has thus led to the creation of new functional and construction materials. 11 Doping of the carbonaceous materials with non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] boron, [20][21][22][23][24] sulphur, [25][26][27][28][29] oxygen [30][31][32][33][34][35][36] and halogens 11,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] has been explored over the past two decades. Modification of the carbon surface and electronic properties has also been explored but the effect of chlorine (Cl) on the morphology of carbon nanomaterials is not well established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The synthesis of carbon nanomaterials using chlorinated hydrocarbons over a Fe-Co/CaCO3 catalyst

Maboya¹,

Coville²,

Mhlanga³

2016

S.Afr.j.chem.

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The effect of chlorine on the morphology of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) prepared from a Fe-Co/CaCO 3 catalyst was investigated using chlorobenzene (CB), dichlorobenzene (DCB), trichlorobenzene (TCB), dichloroethane (DCE), trichloroethane (TCE) and tetrachloroethane (TTCE) as chlorine sources using a catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CCVD) method. Toluene was used as a chlorine-free carbon source for comparison. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were successfully synthesized. The physicochemical properties of the CNTs were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The inner and outer diameters of the MWCNTs increased with an increase in the number of chlorine atoms contained in the reactant. Chlorine incorporation into the MWCNTs was observed by EDS analysis for all reactants. Formation of 'bamboo-like' structures for the MWCNTs generated from TCE and TTCE was also observed, facilitated by the presence of the high percentage of chlorine in these reactants. Numerous MWCNTs revealed the presence of small carbon nanostructures that grew on top of the dominant CNTs, suggesting an unexpected secondary carbon growth mechanism.

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“…It is well-known that the nitrogen-doped carbon material can enhance the electrical conductivity and accelerate the reaction speed of the carbonaceous composites [35][36][37]. The carbon containing pyridinic nitrogen can also improve the energy storage performance because of the free p-electrons in the outermost shell of the pyridinic nitrogen through absorbing Li + / Na + [38,39]. The peaks of O 1s can be divided into three peaks, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrospun MoO2@NC nanofibers with excellent Li+/Na+ storage for dual applications

et al. 2017

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MoO 2 @N-doped C nanofibers (MoO 2 @NC NFs) were synthesized by electrospinning with polyacrylonitrile as carbon source. The in situ formed MoO 2 nanocrystals are completely embedded in the carbon nanofibers, which can not only accelerate ion transition, but also act as a buffer to avoid the mechanical degradation of active material due to the volume changes during charge/discharge cycling. When used as the anode material for both Li/Na-ion batteries, the as-synthesized MoO 2 @NC NFs displayed excellent Li + /Na + storage properties. As the anode for Li-ion battery, the MoO 2 @NC NFs display a high discharge capacity of 930 mA h g −1 at a current density of 200 mA g −1 for 100 cycles, and 720 mA h g −1 at a current density of 1 A g −1 for 600 cycles. Moreover, the discharge capacity of 350 mA h g −1 could be realized at a current density of 100 mA g −1 for 200 cycles for Na-ion battery.

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Structure, composition, and chemical reactivity of carbon nanotubes by selective nitrogen doping

Cited by 704 publications

References 61 publications

Structure of graphene and its disorders: a review

Structure of graphene and its disorders: a review

The synthesis of carbon nanomaterials using chlorinated hydrocarbons over a Fe-Co/CaCO3 catalyst

Electrospun MoO2@NC nanofibers with excellent Li+/Na+ storage for dual applications

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