Structure-Function Analysis of the Human JC Polyomavirus Establishes the LSTc Pentasaccharide as a Functional Receptor Motif

Neu, Ursula; Maginnis, Melissa S.; Palma, Angelina S.; Stroh, L.J.; Nelson, Christian D. S.; Feizi, Ten; Atwood, Walter J.; Stehle, Thilo

doi:10.1016/j.chom.2010.09.004

Cited by 176 publications

(327 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…37,38 In the present study, we investigated the in vivo expression of these receptors in human kidney and brain, the main sites of latency/persistence and pathogenesis, respectively, and compared receptor-expression profiles with the pattern of virus attachment. Here, we show that virus In addition, the attachment and entry receptors were coexpressed in the kidney tubule epithelium and CPE, two cell types that the virus has been shown to infect, whereas in the brain parenchyma, the entry receptors were present on the main targets of JCPyV infection, and the attachment receptors were instead largely expressed on neuroendothelium and cells of myeloid lineage, suggesting potential mechanisms of entry into the CNS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that JCPyV specifically binds to the sialic acid pentasaccharide LSTc. 37 To test whether the binding is specific for LSTc, the virus was preincubated with LSTc before addition to tissue samples. This pretreatment also inhibited virus binding ( Figure 1C).…”

Section: Jcpyv Specifically Binds To the Distal Tubules And Collectinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…34e36 Crystallographic and functional studies with VP1 demonstrated that JCPyV VP1 binds to the host cell via the a2,6-linked glycan lactoseries tetrasaccharide c (LSTc). 37 Although LSTc recognition is required for JCPyV attachment, it is not sufficient for viral infection. In addition to engaging LSTc on the cell surface, JCPyV entry requires the presence of a serotonin (5-HT)-2 receptor family member.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Human Polyomavirus Receptor Distribution in Brain Parenchyma Contrasts with Receptor Distribution in Kidney and Choroid Plexus

Haley

O’Hara

Nelson

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Pathology

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The human polyomavirus, JCPyV, is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a rare demyelinating disease that occurs in the setting of prolonged immunosuppression. After initial asymptomatic infection, the virus establishes lifelong persistence in the kidney and possibly other extraneural sites. In rare instances, the virus traffics to the central nervous system, where oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and glial precursors are susceptible to lytic infection, resulting in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The mechanisms by which the virus traffics to the central nervous system from peripheral sites remain unknown. Lactoseries tetrasaccharide c (LSTc), a pentasaccharide containing a terminal a2,6elinked sialic acid, is the major attachment receptor for polyomavirus. In addition to LSTc, type 2 serotonin receptors are required for facilitating virus entry into susceptible cells. We studied the distribution of virus receptors in kidney and brain using lectins, antibodies, and labeled virus. The distribution of LSTc, serotonin receptors, and virus binding sites overlapped in kidney and in the choroid plexus. In brain parenchyma, serotonin receptors were expressed on oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, but these cells were negative for LSTc and did not bind virus. LSTc was instead found on microglia and vascular endothelium, to which virus bound abundantly. Receptor distribution was not changed in the brains of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Virus infection of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes during disease progression is LSTc independent. (Am J Pathol 2015, 185: 2246e2258; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.04.003)The human polyomavirus (JCPyV) is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rapidly progressing, often fatal neurodegenerative disease. Although PML is rare, JCPyV infection is widespread, infecting approximately 50% to 80% of the healthy adult population. 1,2 As the initial infection is asymptomatic, the mode of JCPyV transmission is unknown. The virus establishes a persistent infection in the kidney and urinary tract of immunocompetent hosts, 3 and about 20% of these infected individuals shed virus in their urine. 4 JCPyV DNA has also been detected in other tissues, including B lymphocytes in the bone marrow, tonsillar stromal cells, lungs, spleen, and brain, 5e13 suggesting additional sites of viral persistence. The route of viral transmission from the initial site(s) of infection and latency to the central nervous system (CNS), the main site of pathogenesis, is not clearly understood.Under conditions of immunosuppression, JCPyV infects and destroys the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes, resulting in demyelination, which is the hallmark of this fatal disease; to a Supported by NIH grants R01NS043097 (W.J.A.) and P01NS065719 (W.J.A.).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Jcpyv Specifically Binds To the Distal Tubules And Collectinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Polyomavirus Receptor Distribution in Brain Parenchyma Contrasts with Receptor Distribution in Kidney and Choroid Plexus

Haley

O’Hara

Nelson

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Pathology

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“…However, binding was reduced when cells were pretreated with neuraminidase, indicating that JCPyV bound to the appropriate sialic acid receptor (Fig. 5C) (55,56). To confirm the impact of SMN knockdown on infection, the same experiments were undertaken using commercially available fibroblasts from an unaffected carrier and a type I SMA patient.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased function of survival motor neuron protein impairs endocytic pathways

Dimitriadi

Derdowski

Kalloo

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by depletion of the ubiquitously expressed survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, with 1 in 40 Caucasians being heterozygous for a disease allele. SMN is critical for the assembly of numerous ribonucleoprotein complexes, yet it is still unclear how reduced SMN levels affect motor neuron function. Here, we examined the impact of SMN depletion in Caenorhabditis elegans and found that decreased function of the SMN ortholog SMN-1 perturbed endocytic pathways at motor neuron synapses and in other tissues. Diminished SMN-1 levels caused defects in C. elegans neuromuscular function, and smn-1 genetic interactions were consistent with an endocytic defect. Changes were observed in synaptic endocytic proteins when SMN-1 levels decreased. At the ultrastructural level, defects were observed in endosomal compartments, including significantly fewer docked synaptic vesicles. Finally, endocytosis-dependent infection by JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) was reduced in human cells with decreased SMN levels. Collectively, these results demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that SMN depletion causes defects in endosomal trafficking that impair synaptic function, even in the absence of motor neuron cell death.endocytic trafficking | survival motor neuron | spinal muscular atrophy | C. elegans | infection S pinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is one of the most severe neuromuscular diseases of childhood, with an incidence of 1 in 10,000 live births and a high carrier frequency of roughly 1 in 40 Caucasians (1-3). SMA is caused by reduced levels of the ubiquitously expressed survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein and results in degeneration of α-spinal cord motor neurons, muscle weakness, and/or death. Two human genes encode the SMN protein, SMN1 and SMN2. SMA alleles arise at relatively high frequency due to small intrachromosomal de novo rearrangements including the SMN1 locus (4). Patients often carry homozygous SMN1 deletions, although missense and nonsense alleles exist (5). Multiple copies of SMN2 rarely compensate for loss of SMN1 due to a C > T nucleotide change in SMN2 exon 7 that perturbs pre-mRNA splicing and results in a truncated protein of diminished function and stability (SMNΔ7) (5-9).SMN has numerous roles and interacts with various proteins, yet it remains unclear which interactions are most pertinent to SMA pathogenesis. As a component of the Gemin complex, SMN is required for biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles critical for pre-mRNA splicing (10-12). Furthermore, SMN is needed for stress granule formation (13,14), is found in RNP granules moving through neuronal processes, and is part of RNP complexes implicated in synaptic local translation (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Additional roles for SMN, in transcription (21), in the PTEN-mediated protein synthesis pathway (22), in translational control (23), and in cell proliferation/differentiation (24), have been described. Importantly, no consensus has been reached regarding the cellular and molecular pathways wh...

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“…Crystal structures of the JCPyV-VP1 with and without the pentasaccharide suggested a key-lock interaction with conformational change upon engagement of NeuNAc-a2,6-Galb1,4-moiety. Critical amino acids could be identified in the three-dimensional conformation that permitted or, if changed, impeded accommodation of the receptor oligosaccharide in the folded VP1 structure (37,39). Although the host cell structure bearing the a2,6-linked sialylated moiety has not been unambiguously identified, glycoproteins and glycolipids are key candidates (33).…”

Section: Steps Of the Jcpyv Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

The human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV): virological background and clinical implications

Hirsch

Kardas

Kranz

et al. 2013

APMIS

147

169

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JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) was the first of now 12 PyVs detected in humans, when in 1964, PyV particles were revealed by electron microscopy in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) tissues. JCPyV infection is common in 35–70% of the general population, and the virus thereafter persists in the renourinary tract. One third of healthy adults asymptomatically shed JCPyV at approximately 50 000 copies/mL urine. PML is rare having an incidence of <0.3 per 100 000 person years in the general population. This increased to 2.4 per 1000 person years in HIV‐AIDS patients without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Recently, PML emerged in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab to 2.13 cases per 1000 patients. Natalizumab blocks α4‐integrin‐dependent lymphocyte homing to the brain suggesting that not the overall cellular immunodeficiency but local failure of brain immune surveillance is a pivotal factor for PML. Recovering JCPyV‐specific immune control, e.g., by starting cART or discontinuing natalizumab, significantly improves PML survival, but is challenged by the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Important steps of PML pathogenesis are undefined, and antiviral therapies are lacking. New clues might come from molecular and functional profiling of JCPyV and PML pathology and comparison with other replicative pathologies such as granule cell neuronopathy and (meningo‐)encephalitis, and non‐replicative JCPyV pathology possibly contributing to some malignancies. Given the increasing number of immunologically vulnerable patients, a critical reappraisal of JCPyV infection, replication and disease seems warranted.

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Structure-Function Analysis of the Human JC Polyomavirus Establishes the LSTc Pentasaccharide as a Functional Receptor Motif

Cited by 176 publications

References 49 publications

Human Polyomavirus Receptor Distribution in Brain Parenchyma Contrasts with Receptor Distribution in Kidney and Choroid Plexus

Human Polyomavirus Receptor Distribution in Brain Parenchyma Contrasts with Receptor Distribution in Kidney and Choroid Plexus

Decreased function of survival motor neuron protein impairs endocytic pathways

The human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV): virological background and clinical implications

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