The double-ring chaperonin GroEL mediates protein folding, in conjunction with its helper protein GroES, by undergoing ATPinduced conformational changes that are concerted within each heptameric ring. Here we have examined whether the concerted nature of these transitions is responsible for protein substrate release in an all-or-none manner. Two chimeric substrates were designed, each with two different reporter activities that were recovered after denaturation in GroES-dependent and independent fashions, respectively. The refolding of the chimeras was monitored in the presence of GroEL variants that undergo ATPinduced intraring conformational changes that are either sequential (F44W/D155A) or concerted (F44W). Our results show that release of a protein substrate from GroEL in a domain-by-domain fashion is favored when the intraring allosteric transitions of GroEL are sequential and not concerted.allostery ͉ chaperonins ͉ cooperativity ͉ protein folding T he Escherichia coli chaperonin GroEL is a molecular machine that assists protein folding by undergoing allosteric transitions between protein substrate binding and release states (for reviews, see refs. 1-3). It is made up of two homoheptameric rings, stacked back-to-back, with a cavity at each end (4) in which protein folding can take place in a confining and protective environment. GroEL functions in conjunction with a heptameric ring-shaped cochaperonin, GroES (5), that caps the cavity of the so-called cis ring (6), thereby triggering dissociation of bound protein substrates into the cavity. The allosteric transitions of GroEL are induced by ATP binding that occurs with positive cooperativity within rings and negative cooperativity between rings (7, 8). Experimental data (refs. 9 and 10 and G. Curien, J. Grason, and G. Lorimer, personal communication) and simulations (11) have shown that the intraring allosteric transitions of GroEL are concerted, in accordance with the Monod-WymanChangeux model of cooperativity (12), as proposed in the nested model (7). In contrast, the intraring allosteric transitions of the eukaryotic heterooligomeric chaperonin CCT were recently shown to occur in a sequential fashion (13) in accordance with the Koshland-Némethy-Filmer model of cooperativity (14). The implications of these different allosteric mechanisms for the folding function of chaperonins have not yet been explored.The work described here was undertaken to establish whether the concerted intraring ATP-induced allosteric transitions of GroEL facilitate simultaneous release of different parts of a bound protein substrate, as previously speculated (13). By contrast, it was suggested (13) that ATP-induced sequential conformational changes in CCT may facilitate sequential release and, as a result, domain-by-domain substrate folding. A powerful tool available for investigating this question is a wild-type variant of GroEL that contains a fluorescence reporter introduced by the F44W mutation and has the D155A substitution that converts its ATP-induced intraring allosteric t...