Structure of Bulat

Счастливцев, В. М.; Urtsev, V. N.; Shmakov, A. V.; Degtyarev, V. N.; Nakonechnyi, A. Ya.; Mokshin, E. D.; Yakovleva, I. L.

doi:10.1134/s0031918x13070107

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The research on the microstructures of swords is one of the hotpoint issues at present, and scholars have analyzed them all over the world [3,4]. Different cultures had significant differences in the processes of smelting swords' steel in ancient times such as the "Wootz" process in India and Sri-Lanka [5,6] and the "Bulat" process in Central Asia [7][8][9] to smelt crucible steel, the "Zuku-oshi" process to smelt cast iron, and the "Kera-oshi" process to smelt crude steel in Japan [10]. There is no report on the production of steel by smelting cast iron with wrought iron, and co-fusion is represents this process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replication Experiments and Microstructural Evolution of the Ancient Co-Fusion Steelmaking Process

Qiao

Qian

2020

Metals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The study of co-fusion was one of the essential topics in the history of metallurgy in China. Simulation experiments were an essential concept in the study of the co-fusion steelmaking process. This paper mainly studied the simulation experiments of co-fusion from two aspects: the replication of co-fusion swords by three different methods and the micro-analysis of the co-fusion samples. The experimental results indicated that several co-fusion swords could be made by different processes, but the carbon content and surface hardness were quite different. During repeated forge welding, the microstructure of the samples transformed from laminated to homogenized; finally, a steel with a uniform carbon content was obtained. It was challenging to determine the characteristics of co-fusion from the homogenized samples. The results prompt a rethinking of the microstructural characteristics of ancient co-fusion artifacts.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replication Experiments and Microstructural Evolution of the Ancient Co-Fusion Steelmaking Process

Qiao

Qian

2020

Metals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replication Experiments and Microstructure Evolution of the Ancient Co-fusion Steelmaking Process

Qiao¹,

Qian²

2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The study of co-fusion was one of the essential topics in the history of metallurgy in China. Simulation experiments had been an essential concept in the study of the co-fusion steelmaking process. This paper mainly studied the simulation experiments of co-fusion from two aspects: the replication of co-fusion swords by three different methods, and the micro-analysis of the co-fusion samples. The experimental results indicated that several co-fusion swords could be made by different processes, but the carbon content and surface hardness were quite different. During repeated forging welded, the microstructure of the samples transformed from laminated to homogenized, finally the steel with a uniform carbon content was obtained. It was challenging to find the characteristics of co-fusion from the homogenized samples. The results prompted people to rethink the microstructure characteristics of ancient co-fusion artifacts.

show abstract

“…Excess carbide phase in these steels is an abnormally large coagulated grain of secondary cementite. Other authors [5] [6] [7] think that the Damascus steel (Wootz) in its composition is closer to white cast iron with a carbon content of from 2% to 3%. Excess carbides represent crushed ledeburite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wootz: Cast Iron or Steel?

Sukhanov¹,

Plotnikova²

2016

MSA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It is shown that the excess carbide phase in Wootz is of an unusual nature origin that differs from the excess phase of secondary cementite, ledeburite and primary cementite in iron-carbon alloys. It is revealed that the morphological features of excess cementite in Wootz lie in the abnormal size of excess carbides having the shape of irregular prisms. It is discovered that the faceted angular carbides are formed within the original of metastable ledeburite, so they are called "eutectic carbides". It was found that angular eutectic carbides in the Wootz formed during long isothermal soaking at the annealing and subsequent deformation of ledeburite structures. It is revealed that carbon takes up 2.25% in Wootz (in the region of white cast iron), while none in its structure of crushed ledeburite. It is shown that the pattern of carbide heterogeneity consists entirely of angular eutectic carbides having an irregular trigonal-prismatic morphology. It is shown that Wootz (Damascus steel) is non-alloy tool steel of ledeburite class, similar with structural characteristics of die steel of ledeburite class and high-speed steel, differing from them only in the nature of excess carbide phase.

show abstract

Structure of Bulat

Cited by 10 publications

References 1 publication

Replication Experiments and Microstructural Evolution of the Ancient Co-Fusion Steelmaking Process

Replication Experiments and Microstructural Evolution of the Ancient Co-Fusion Steelmaking Process

Replication Experiments and Microstructure Evolution of the Ancient Co-fusion Steelmaking Process

Wootz: Cast Iron or Steel?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About