“…The structures of in vivo aggregated proteins have been analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray di¡raction, electron microscopy (EM), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The spectroscopic techniques are in wide use for L-amyloid, in which cross L-structures lead to formation of an insoluble ¢lament (FT-IR [22], X-ray [23], EM [24], liquid NMR [25], solid-state NMR [26]); however, fewer approaches have been applied to inclusion bodies because of their heterogeneous structures. For the heterogeneous aggregates, FT-IR spectroscopy is often used to analyze the secondary structure, using the bands corresponding to amide bond stretching [7,9,22].…”