Structure of the Cytoskeleton of Spiroplasma melliferum BC3 and Its Interactions with the Cell Membrane

Trachtenberg, Shlomo; Dorward, Lori M.; Speransky, V. V.; Jaffe, Howard; Andrews, S. Brian; Leapman, Richard D.

doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2008.02.020

Cited by 50 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…This value is in very good agreement with the radius (∼50 Å) obtained from molecular mass by sequencing, 32 average protein density, linear mass density by STEM, 24 and diffractometry of single fibrils 13 and ribbons. 24,25 Thus, we establish a dimensional range in which structural or elliptical deviations from a near-circular base state (b/a ∼ 1) are allowed to a fairly large extent (b/a ∼ 1.05-1.6). Diffractograms of the images of bulk specimens yield an average of at least hundreds of tetramers per image field.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…1b). Note that numerous images and diffractograms 13,22,24,25 of partially aligned ribbon bundles (equivalent to 'fiber diffraction') and random pellets of ribbons (equivalent to 'powder diffraction'), as well as those of single monolayered ribbons and individual fibrils, reveal the averages of axial and lateral spacings and their range of variability. The origins of the reflections in the diffractogram are the basic elliptical geometry (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15,21,22 Within the Mollicutes, spiroplasmas are unique in having a dynamic helical cell geometry and a linear cytoskeleton, which functions also as a linear motor. 13,[23][24][25][26] The Mollicutes, although lacking flagella, are motile and chemotactic; spiroplasmas are free swimmers, 14,[27][28][29] while the other members glide. 30,31 The spiroplasmal linear motor is attached to the inner face of the helical membranal tube and follows the shortest path along it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…30,31 The spiroplasmal linear motor is attached to the inner face of the helical membranal tube and follows the shortest path along it. 13,25 The general quantitative organization of the motor, its fibrillar nature, and molecular building blocks were deduced from a concerted analysis of helical cell geometry, 23 sequencing, 32 protein density, diffractometry of isolated whole motors and disrupted components, direct electron microscopy (EM) observation, 13 and linear mass density determined by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). 24 However, the molecular structural details and dynamicsconstituting the core of this article-have not been resolved yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A stable cluster of cytoskeletal and other proteins copurifies with the linear motor ribbon, of which it may be part or with which it may be complexed. 13,23,25 The differential length changes in the fibrils are believed to be driven by conformational switching of Fib, leading consequently to axial ratio and length changes in tetrameric rings. 13,23 Here we use low-dose cryo electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and single-particle analysis to study purified spiroplasmal linear motors to explore the substructure of the Fib monomers, their tetrameric units, and their interactions to form dynamic fibrils and motor ribbons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Monomeric, Tetrameric, and Fibrillar Organization of Fib: The Dynamic Building Block of the Bacterial Linear Motor of Spiroplasma melliferum BC3

Cohen-Krausz

Cabahug

Trachtenberg

2011

Journal of Molecular Biology

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Monomeric, Tetrameric, and Fibrillar Organization of Fib: The Dynamic Building Block of the Bacterial Linear Motor of Spiroplasma melliferum BC3

Cohen-Krausz

Cabahug

Trachtenberg

2011

Journal of Molecular Biology

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Spiroplasma

Williamson¹,

Gasparich²,

Regassa³

et al. 2015

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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Spi.ro.plas'ma. Gr. n. speira (L. transliteration spira ) a coil, spiral; Gr. neut. n. plasma something formed or molded, a form; N.L. neut. n. Spiroplasma spiral form. Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Entomoplasmatales / Spiroplasmataceae / Spiroplasma Cells are pleomorphic, varying in size and shape from helical and branched nonhelical filaments to spherical or ovoid. The helical forms, usually 100–200 nm in diameter and 3–5 µm in length, generally occur during the exponential phase of growth and in some species persist during stationary phase. The cells of some species are short (1–2 µm). In certain cases, helical cells may be very tightly coiled, or the coils may show continuous variation in amplitude. Spherical cells ~300 nm in diameter and nonhelical filaments are frequently seen in the stationary phase, where they may not be viable, and in all growth phases in suboptimal growth media, where they may or may not be viable. In some species during certain phases, spherical forms may be the replicating form. Helical filaments are motile, with flexional and twitching movements, and often show an apparent rotatory motility. Fibrils are associated with the membrane, but flagellae, periplasmic fibrils, or other organelles of locomotion are absent . Fimbriae and pili observed on the cell surface of insect‐ and plant‐pathogenic spiroplasmas are believed to be involved in host‐cell attachment and conjugation (Ammar et al., 2004; Özbek et al., 2003), but not in locomotion. Cells divide by binary fission, with doubling times of 0.7–37 h. Facultatively anaerobic. The temperature growth range varies among species, from 5 to 41°C. Colonies on solid media are frequently diffuse , with irregular shapes and borders, a condition that reflects the motility of the cells during active growth (Figure 111). Colony type is strongly dependent on the agar concentration. Colony sizes vary from 0.1 to 4.0 mm in diameter. Colonies formed by nonmotile variants or mutants, or by cultures growing on inadequate media are typically umbonate with diameters of 200 µm or less. Some species, such as Spiroplasma platyhelix , have barely visible helicity along most of their length and display little rotatory or flexing motility. Colonies of motile, fast‐growing spiroplasmas are diffuse, often with satellite colonies developing from foci adjacent to the initial site of colony development. Light turbidity may be produced in liquid cultures. Chemo‐organotrophic. Acid is produced from glucose. Hydrolysis of arginine is variable. Urea, arbutin, and esculin are not hydrolyzed. Sterol requirements are variable. An optimum osmolality, usually in the range of 300–800 mOsm, has been demonstrated for some spiroplasmas. Media containing mycoplasma broth base, serum, and other supplements are required for primary growth, but after adaptation, growth often occurs in less complex media. Defined or semi‐defined media are available for some species. Resistant to 10,000 U/ml penicillin. Insensitive to rifampicin, sensitive to erythromycin and tetracycline. Isolated from the surfaces of flowers and other plant parts, from the guts and hemolymph of various insects and crustaceans, and from tick triturates. Also isolated from vascular plant fluids ( phloem sap ) and insects that feed on the fluids . Specific host associations are common. The type species, Spiroplasma citri , is pathogenic for citrus (e.g., orange and grapefruit), producing “stubborn” disease. Experimental or natural infections also occur in horseradish, periwinkle, radish, broad bean, carrot, and other plant species. Spiroplasma kunkelii is a maize pathogen. Some species are pathogenic for insects. Certain species are pathogenic, under experimental conditions, for a variety of suckling rodents (rats, mice, hamsters and rabbits) and/or chicken embryos. Genome sizes vary from 780 to 2220 kbp (PFGE). DNA G + C content ( mol %): 24–31 ( T m , Bd). Type species : Spiroplasma citri Saglio, L'Hospital, Laflèche, Dupont, Bové, Tully and Freundt 1973, 202 AL .

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Spiroplasma

Gasparich¹,

Kuo²,

Foissac³

2020

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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Spi.ro.plas'ma. Gr. fem. n. speira (L. transliteration spira ) a coil, spiral; Gr. neut. n. plasma something formed or molded, a form; N.L. neut. n. Spiroplasma spiral form. Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Entomoplasmatales / Spiroplasmataceae / Spiroplasma Cells are pleomorphic, varying in size and shape from helical and branched nonhelical filaments to spherical or ovoid. The helical forms, usually 100–200 nm in diameter and 3–5 μm in length, generally occur during the exponential phase of growth and in some species persist during stationary phase. The cells of some species are short (1–2 μm). In certain cases, helical cells may be very tightly coiled, or the coils may show continuous variation in amplitude. Spherical cells ∼300 nm in diameter and nonhelical filaments are frequently seen in the stationary phase, where they may not be viable, and in all growth phases in suboptimal growth media, where they may or may not be viable. In some species during certain phases, spherical forms may be the replicating form. Helical filaments are motile, with flexional and twitching movements, and often show an apparent rotatory motility. Fibrils are associated with the membrane, but flagella, periplasmic fibrils, or other organelles of locomotion are absent . Fimbriae‐like and pili‐like structures observed on the cell surface of insect‐ and plant‐pathogenic spiroplasmas are believed to be involved in host‐cell attachment and conjugation (Ammar et al., 2004; Özbek et al., 2003), but not in locomotion. Cells divide by binary fission, with doubling times of 0.7–37 h. Facultatively anaerobic. The temperature growth range varies among species, from 5 to 41°C. Colonies on solid media are frequently diffuse , with irregular shapes and borders, a condition that reflects the motility of the cells during active growth. Colony type is strongly dependent on the agar concentration. Colony sizes vary from 0.1 to 4.0 mm in diameter. Colonies formed by nonmotile variants or mutants, or by cultures growing on inadequate media are typically umbonate with diameters of 200 μm or less. Some species, such as Spiroplasma platyhelix , have barely visible helicity along most of their length and display little rotatory or flexing motility. Colonies of motile, fast‐growing spiroplasmas are diffuse, often with satellite colonies developing from foci adjacent to the initial site of colony development. Light turbidity may be produced in liquid cultures. Chemo‐organotrophic. Acid is produced from glucose. Hydrolysis of arginine is variable. Urea, arbutin, and esculin are not hydrolyzed. Sterol requirements are variable. An optimum osmolality, usually in the range of 300–800 mOsm, has been demonstrated for some spiroplasmas. Media containing mycoplasma broth base, serum, and other supplements are required for primary growth, but after adaptation, growth often occurs in less complex media. Defined or semi‐defined media are available for some species. Resistant to 10,000 U/ml penicillin. Insensitive to rifampicin, sensitive to erythromycin and tetracycline. Isolated from the surfaces of flowers and other plant parts, from the guts and hemolymph of various insects and crustaceans, and from tick triturates. Also isolated from vascular plant fluids ( phloem sap ) and insects that feed on the fluids . Specific host associations are common. The type species, Spiroplasma citri , is pathogenic for citrus (e.g., orange and grapefruit), producing “stubborn” disease. Experimental or natural infections also occur in horseradish, periwinkle, radish, broad bean, carrot, and other plant species. Spiroplasma kunkelii is a maize pathogen. Some species are pathogenic for insects. Certain species are pathogenic, under experimental conditions, for a variety of suckling rodents (rats, mice, hamsters, and rabbits) and/or chicken embryos. Genome sizes vary from 780 to 2,220 kb (PFGE). DNA G + C content ( mol %): 24–31 ( T m , Bd). Type species : Spiroplasma citri Saglio et al. 1973 AL .

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Structure of the Cytoskeleton of Spiroplasma melliferum BC3 and Its Interactions with the Cell Membrane

Cited by 50 publications

References 45 publications

The Monomeric, Tetrameric, and Fibrillar Organization of Fib: The Dynamic Building Block of the Bacterial Linear Motor of Spiroplasma melliferum BC3

The Monomeric, Tetrameric, and Fibrillar Organization of Fib: The Dynamic Building Block of the Bacterial Linear Motor of Spiroplasma melliferum BC3

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