Structure of the nervous system ofMyzostoma cirriferum (Annelida) as revealed by immunohistochemistry and cLSM analyses

Müller, Mónika; Westheide, Wilfried

doi:10.1002/1097-4687(200008)245:2<87::aid-jmor1>3.0.co;2-w

Cited by 68 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…E. multilocularis is an important human parasite and a recently emerging model system to study host-dependent parasite development in vitro [59]. We herein provide the most detailed description to date of the morphology of the nervous system of protoscoleces throughout development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tubulin-α acetylation is a post-translational modification that occurs in highly stable microtubuli, mainly occurring in the neuronal cytoskeleton (neurotubuli) and in cilia and flagella. Because it is able in principle to label all nerve cells independently of their neurotransmitter, AcTub immunoreactivity (IR) has been used to describe in detail the complete nervous system of numerous invertebrates, including free living flatworms and onchospheres [40-42,59,63-65]. Furthermore, it has been used to study the development of the nervous system in both vertebrates and invertebrates, since many pioneer axons show AcTub-IR [40-43,66].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomy and development of the larval nervous system in Echinococcus multilocularis

2013

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BackgroundThe metacestode larva of Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) develops in the liver of intermediate hosts (typically rodents, or accidentally in humans) as a labyrinth of interconnected cysts that infiltrate the host tissue, causing the disease alveolar echinococcosis. Within the cysts, protoscoleces (the infective stage for the definitive canid host) arise by asexual multiplication. These consist of a scolex similar to that of the adult, invaginated within a small posterior body. Despite the importance of alveolar echinococcosis for human health, relatively little is known about the basic biology, anatomy and development of E. multilocularis larvae, particularly with regard to their nervous system.ResultsWe describe the existence of a subtegumental nerve net in the metacestode cysts, which is immunoreactive for acetylated tubulin-α and contains small populations of nerve cells that are labeled by antibodies raised against several invertebrate neuropeptides. However, no evidence was found for the existence of cholinergic or serotoninergic elements in the cyst wall. Muscle fibers occur without any specific arrangement in the subtegumental layer, and accumulate during the invaginations of the cyst wall that form brood capsules, where protoscoleces develop. The nervous system of the protoscolex develops independently of that of the metacestode cyst, with an antero-posterior developmental gradient. The combination of antibodies against several nervous system markers resulted in a detailed description of the protoscolex nervous system, which is remarkably complex and already similar to that of the adult worm.ConclusionsWe provide evidence for the first time of the existence of a nervous system in the metacestode cyst wall, which is remarkable given the lack of motility of this larval stage, and the lack of serotoninergic and cholinergic elements. We propose that it could function as a neuroendocrine system, derived from the nervous system present in the bladder tissue of other taeniids. The detailed description of the development and anatomy of the protoscolex neuromuscular system is a necessary first step toward the understanding of the developmental mechanisms operating in these peculiar larval stages.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy and development of the larval nervous system in Echinococcus multilocularis

2013

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“…After the advent of confocal microscopy into zoological research, only a restricted number of antibodies against neuroactive substances and structural proteins has been used. The majority of modern studies of the annelid nervous system have employed antibodies against acetylated α-tubulin, serotonin, and FMRFamide [ 4 – 13 ]. Acetylated α-tubulin is a cytoskeletal protein characteristic of neuronal microtubules and ciliary structures [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the nervous system of Pygospio elegans (Annelida: Spionidae): structure and recovery during reparative regeneration

Starunova¹,

Shunkina²,

Novikova³

et al. 2022

BMC Zool

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Background In recent two decades, studies of the annelid nervous systems were revolutionized by modern cell labeling techniques and state-of-the-art microscopy techniques. However, there are still huge gaps in our knowledge on the organization and functioning of their nervous system. Most of the recent studies have focused on the distribution of serotonin and FMRFamide, while the data about many other basic neurotransmitters such as histamine (HA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are scarce. Results Using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy we studied the distribution of histamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the nervous system of a spionid annelid Pygospio elegans and traced their redevelopment during reparative regeneration. Both neurotransmitters show specific patterns in central and peripheral nervous systems. HA-positive cells are concentrated mostly in the brain, while GABA-positive cell somata contribute equally to brain and segmental ganglia. Some immunoreactive elements were found in peripheral nerves. Both substances were revealed in high numbers in bipolar sensory cells in the palps. The first signs of regenerating HAergic and GABAergic systems were detected only by 3 days after the amputation. Further redevelopment of GABAergic system proceeds faster than that of HAergic one. Conclusions Comparisons with other annelids and mollusks examined in this respect revealed a number of general similarities in distribution patterns of HAergic and GABAergic cells in different species. Overall, the differences in the full redevelopment of various neurotransmitters correlate with neuronal development during embryogenesis. Our results highlight the importance of investigating the distribution of different neurotransmitters in comparative morphological and developmental studies.

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“…Thus, no "somata-free regions" between the main commissures -as reported by previous investigations (Eeckhaut & Lanterbecq, 2005;Müller & Westheide, 2000) -within the ventral nervous system (vns) can be observed; these "empty spaces" are instead filled with numerous neuronal somata. Furthermore, the definition of the anterior-most neuronal condensation in myzostomids as representing the brain, has to be discussed in a broader context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…In previous investigations, the myzostomid nervous system was already visualized in great detail (Eeckhaut & Lanterbecq, 2005;Müller & Westheide, 2000). Nevertheless, detailed ultrastructural as well as general investigations of major regions within the myzostomid nervous system were lacking so far -especially when it comes to the brain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss of nervous system complexity – Morphological analyses shed light on the neuronal evolution in Myzostomida (Annelida)

2022

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Myzostomida are putatively nested within the errant Annelida and exhibit a unique morphology. The latter fact might possibly be related to their long host‐dependent radiation. Hence, an incomplete segmentation, lack of prominent sensory structures in adults and a dorso‐ventrally flattened body are just some examples. Although numerous investigations of the nervous system exist for myzostomids, detailed ultrastructural as well as histological examinations of neuronal structures are lacking so far. Therefore, we investigate the nervous system of Myzostoma cirriferum Leuckart, 1836 using a comparative approach including paraffin histology, serial semi‐thin sections, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural investigations. Our analyses reveal a lack of complexity within the anterior‐most neuronal condensation (herein called brain) of adult specimens. Hence, prominent tracts or glomeruli are absent, and a glial layer surrounding the brain or radial‐like glial cells are lacking. Nevertheless, the ultrastructure of the ventral nervous system is comparable to other Errantia. Therefore, our investigations hint towards a reduction of neuronal complexity in Myzostomida. Additionally, an ontogenetic simplification seems plausible, although further investigations are necessary to verify such a hypothesis. A simplification of neuronal structures due to a drastic change in lifestyle was so far mainly observed for basally branching annelid clades.

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Structure of the nervous system ofMyzostoma cirriferum (Annelida) as revealed by immunohistochemistry and cLSM analyses

Cited by 68 publications

References 10 publications

Anatomy and development of the larval nervous system in Echinococcus multilocularis

Anatomy and development of the larval nervous system in Echinococcus multilocularis

Histamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the nervous system of Pygospio elegans (Annelida: Spionidae): structure and recovery during reparative regeneration

Loss of nervous system complexity – Morphological analyses shed light on the neuronal evolution in Myzostomida (Annelida)

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