Structure of the Respiratory System

D'Angelis, Christopher A.; Coalson, Jacqueline J.; Ryan, Rita M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-07307-3.10036-9

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Small pediatric airways are prone to obstruction by the secretions produced during IAV infection, which can result in substantial respiratory distress. 8 Infants also have a more cartilaginous (and therefore more compliant) chest wall, leaving the lungs more susceptible to collapse during infection and difficult to reinflate. 8 The combination of these anatomic factors may increase the severity of symptoms once infection is established.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Infants also have a more cartilaginous (and therefore more compliant) chest wall, leaving the lungs more susceptible to collapse during infection and difficult to reinflate. 8 The combination of these anatomic factors may increase the severity of symptoms once infection is established. However, why IAV is able to establish lower respiratory tract infection so effectively in otherwise healthy children is yet to be fully explained.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Influenza A Virus Infection, Innate Immunity, and Childhood

et al. 2015

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Infection with influenza A virus is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. While it is apparent that adequate activation of the innate immune system is essential for pathogen clearance and host survival, an excessive inflammatory response to infection is detrimental to the young host. A review of the literature indicates that innate immune responses change throughout childhood. Whether these changes are genetically programmed or triggered by environmental cues is unknown. The objectives of this review are to summarize the role of innate immunity in influenza A virus infection in the young child and to highlight possible differences between children and adults that may make children more susceptible to severe influenza A infection. A better understanding of age-related differences in innate immune signaling will be essential to improve care for this high-risk population.Influenza A virus (IAV) is a highly contagious RNA virus that causes respiratory tract infections in humans and animals. Seasonal IAV is responsible for considerable disease worldwide, with the World Health Organization estimating 3 to 5 million severe cases of IAV each year and approximately 250 000 to 500 000 deaths. 1 Pandemics threaten to affect significantly more people. During the 1918 pandemic, it is estimated that IAV was responsible for 50 to 100 million deaths. 2 The burden of IAV infection is highest in children, the elderly, and persons with chronic medical conditions. Each year, IAV infection affects up to 40% of children younger than 5 years in the United States and 90 million

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Influenza A Virus Infection, Innate Immunity, and Childhood

et al. 2015

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“…12,13 Moreover, lungs weighing >40g are designated as respired lung, and <40 g are considered unrespired lungs. 16 In this study, the alveolus was mainly expanded in microscopic finding, indicating that the alveoli have been aerated and therefore, it had a positive sign of breath. On the other hand, the alveoli found to be uniformly unaerated had a negative sign of breath.…”

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confidence: 50%

Pathological Findings of the Lung at Neonatal Autopsy in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung Period 2016-2019

Parikesit

Novita

Usman

2021

amj

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Background: Infanticide is a criminal act when a mother kills her child at or soon after birth. Considering whether a case has been decided as infanticide, determination of the life of the neonate at birth is imperative. Breath signs from macroscopic and microscopic approacesh and hydrostatic test are useful indicators. This study aimed to explore the lungs pathological findings at autopsy of neonates. Methods: This study was a retrospective descriptive observational study, using medical records of neonatal deaths in the

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“…John West (1960) описал гравитационный градиент давлений в капиллярах, располагающихся на разной высоте непрерывного столба жидкости в сосудистом русле легких [23]. Вертикальный размер легких взрослого человека составляет, в зависимости от размеров и положения тела, от 20 до 30 см [24]. Поскольку баллонный катетер Свана-Ганца позволяет измерять давление в легочных капиллярах обычно в III, реже -во II зоне Веста [22], 20 см вод.…”

Section: эффекты Peepunclassified

Selection of the End-Expiratory Pressure for Mechanical Respiratory Support (Review)

Ovsiannikov¹,

Лебединский²

2022

Obŝaâ reanimatologiâ

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End-expiratory pressure remains one of the few parameters of mechanical respiratory support whose values have not been strictly regulated using the evidence-based approach. The absence of «gold standard» for end-expiratory pressure optimization together with its obvious significant contribution to the efficiency and safety of respiratory support has driven the search for the optimal method of choosing its values for several decades.Aim of the review: to identify the optimal methods for determining the values of end-expiratory pressure based on the analysis of its positive and negative effects in the used strategies of mechanical respiratory support.Material and methods. We analyzed 165 papers from the PubMed, Scopus, and RSCI databases of medical and biological publications. Among them we selected 86 sources that most completely covered the following subjects: respiratory support, end-expiratory pressure, recruitment, ventilation-perfusion relationships, metabolography, and gas analysis.Results. We outlined the main positive and negative effects of the end-expiratory pressure with regard to both lung biomechanical characteristics and pulmonary perfusion. The evolution of views on the methods of determining optimal values of the end-expiratory pressure was reviewed with the emphasis on a certain «fixation» of the scientific community in recent decades concerning the opening of the alveoli. The promising techniques based on the analysis of the diffusion capacity of the lungs were presented.Conclusion. Focusing on mechanical lung opening prevents the scientific community from advancing in the optimization of the end-expiratory pressure. Dynamic assessment of pulmonary diffusion efficiency provides a new perspective on the issue, offering additional ways to the development of «gold standard».

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Structure of the Respiratory System

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

Influenza A Virus Infection, Innate Immunity, and Childhood

Influenza A Virus Infection, Innate Immunity, and Childhood

Pathological Findings of the Lung at Neonatal Autopsy in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung Period 2016-2019

Selection of the End-Expiratory Pressure for Mechanical Respiratory Support (Review)

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