Structure of the saponin adjuvant QS-21 and its base-catalyzed isomerization product by 1H and natural abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy

Jacobsen, Neil E.; Fairbrother, Wayne J.; Kensil, Charlotte R.; Lim, Amy; Wheeler, Deborah A.; Powell, Michael F.

doi:10.1016/0008-6215(95)00278-2

Cited by 102 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The generation of IgE Ab responses is generally associated with the production of IL-4. QS-21 is a chemically defined triterpene glycoside (38). Various structure/function studies have been conducted with parenterally administered QS-21.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aldehyde group on the triterpene backbone is thought to be involved in the QS-21 enhancement of immune responses (10). QS-21 is esterified at C4 of fucose (38), and this ester bond has been shown to undergo a reversible intramolecular acyl migration under neutral pH conditions to form a minor isomer esterified at C3 (39). The esterification of QS-21 may be important for activity because QS-21 deesterified by alkaline hydrolysis abolishes adjuvanticity for both Ab and CTL responses (40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral QS-21 Requires Early IL-4 Help for Induction of Mucosal and Systemic Immunity

Boyaka

Marinaro²,

Jackson

et al. 2001

The Journal of Immunology

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The highly purified saponin derivative, QS-21, from the Quillaja saponaria Molina tree has been proved to be safe for parenteral administration and represents a potential alternative to bacterial enterotoxin derivatives as a mucosal adjuvant. Here we report that p.o. administration of QS-21 with the vaccine protein tetanus toxoid elicited strong serum IgM and IgG Ab responses, which were only slightly enhanced by further oral immunization. The IgG Ab subclass responses were predominantly IgG1 followed by IgG2b for the 50-μg p.o. dose of QS-21, whereas the 250-μg p.o. dose also induced IgG2a and IgG3 Abs. Low oral QS-21 doses induced transient IgE Ab responses 7 days after the primary immunization, whereas no IgE Ab responses were seen in mice given the higher QS-21 dose. Further, low but not high p.o. QS-21 doses triggered Ag-specific secretory IgA (S-IgA) Ab responses. Th cell responses showed higher IFN-γ (Th1-type) and lower IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 (Th2-type) secretion after the high QS-21 p.o. dose than after low doses. Interestingly, the mucosal adjuvant activity of low oral QS-21 doses was diminished in IL-4−/− mice, suggesting a role for this cytokine in the initiation of mucosal immunity by oral QS-21. In summary, our results show that oral QS-21 enhances immunity to coadministered Ag and that different doses of QS-21 lead to distinct patterns of cytokine and serum Ab responses. We also show that an early IL-4 response is required for the induction of mucosal immunity by oral QS-21 as adjuvant.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral QS-21 Requires Early IL-4 Help for Induction of Mucosal and Systemic Immunity

Boyaka

Marinaro²,

Jackson

et al. 2001

The Journal of Immunology

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“…The extract contains a number of components that have been purified and found to exhibit adjuvant activity, individually (Jacobsen et al, 1996). Quillaja and other saponins, either as crude mixtures or as purified compounds, have been reported to increase immune-cell proliferation in vitro (Chavali et al, 1987;Plohmann et al, 1997;Lacaille-Dubois et al, 1999).…”

Section: Quillaja Saponariamentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjuvant effects of saponins on animal immune responses

Rajput

Xiao

et al. 2007

J. Zhejiang Univ. - Sci. B

223

149

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Abstract:Vaccines require optimal adjuvants including immunopotentiator and delivery systems to offer long term protection from infectious diseases in animals and man. Initially it was believed that adjuvants are responsible for promoting strong and sustainable antibody responses. Now it has been shown that adjuvants influence the isotype and avidity of antibody and also affect the properties of cell-mediated immunity. Mostly oil emulsions, lipopolysaccharides, polymers, saponins, liposomes, cytokines, ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes), Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, alums, bacterial toxins etc., are common adjuvants under investigation. Saponin based adjuvants have the ability to stimulate the cell mediated immune system as well as to enhance antibody production and have the advantage that only a low dose is needed for adjuvant activity. In the present study the importance of adjuvants, their role and the effect of saponin in immune system is reviewed.

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“…Further analysis and refining of Quil A by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed a heterogenous mixture of closely related saponins and led to discovery of QS-21( 10) a potent adjuvant with reduced or minimal toxicity. QS-21 is a quillaic acid-based triterpene with a complex acylated 3, 28-Obisglycoside structure (Jacobsen, Fairbrother et al 1996). Unlike most other immunostimulators, QS-21 (Fig 8) is water-soluble and can be used in vaccines with or without emulsion type formulations.…”

Section: Saponins Quil-a and Qs-21mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A traditional Indian system of medicines like Siddha and Ayurveda suggested that various plants derived Rasayanas possess potential immunostimulatory activity (Thatte and Dahanukar 1997 (Patwardhan 2000;Kumar, Gupta et al (2011). QS-21 a plant based saponin present the finest example of alternate immunoadjuvants isolated from the crude extracts of Quillaja saponaria which was known for immunostimulatory properties (Jacobsen, Fairbrother et al 1996). Similarly, several others single molecules based immune potentiators have been isolated and characterized from the plant sources.…”

Section: Plant Based Immune Adjuvantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern Recognition Receptors Based Immune Adjuvants: Their Role and Importance in Vaccine Design

Kumar¹,

Hyder²,

Singh³

2012

Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design

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Structure of the saponin adjuvant QS-21 and its base-catalyzed isomerization product by 1H and natural abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy

Cited by 102 publications

References 17 publications

Oral QS-21 Requires Early IL-4 Help for Induction of Mucosal and Systemic Immunity

Oral QS-21 Requires Early IL-4 Help for Induction of Mucosal and Systemic Immunity

Adjuvant effects of saponins on animal immune responses

Pattern Recognition Receptors Based Immune Adjuvants: Their Role and Importance in Vaccine Design

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