“…Any metal with sufficient ability to oxidize a reducing agent can be selected as a core metal, but for these studies, a commercial 5 wt % Pd/C (dispersion = 21.6%, average particle diameter = 5.2 nm) was selected as the core metal base catalyst (Engelhard 5 wt % Pd/CP56). Although the existence of ternary Pt–Cu–Pd alloys is argued in the literature, the low-temperature aqueous method of preparation is thought to preclude any bulk ternary alloy formation [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. There is insufficient thermal energy to force alloying of the Cu–Pt shell with the bulk Pd core at room temperature.…”