Chemo-photodynamic therapy is a treatment method that
combines
chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy and has demonstrated significant
potential in cancer treatment. However, the development of chemo-photodynamic
therapeutic agents with fewer side effects still poses a challenge.
Herein, we designed and synthesized a novel series of β-carboline/furylmalononitrile
hybrids 10a–i and evaluated their
chemo-photodynamic therapeutic effects. Most of the compounds were
photodynamically active and exhibited cytotoxic effects in four cancer
cells. In particular, 10f possessed type-I/II photodynamic
characteristics, and its 1O2 quantum yield increased
by 3-fold from pH 7.4 to 4.5. Most interestingly, 10f exhibited robust antiproliferative effects by tumor-selective cytotoxicities
and hypoxic-overcoming phototoxicities. In addition, 10f generated intracellular ROS and induced hepatocellular apoptosis,
mitochondrial damage, and autophagy. Finally, 10f demonstrated
extremely low acute toxicity (LD50 = 1415 mg/kg) and a
high tumor-inhibitory rate of 80.5% through chemo-photodynamic dual
therapy. Our findings may provide a promising framework for the design
of new photosensitizers for chemo-photodynamic therapy.