The long-term exposure of low levels of the fungicide,
2-phenylphenol
(2-PP), to the environment presents a hazard to human and aquatic
health. The cost and difficulty in large-scale production limit the
use of existing sensors to detect 2-PP for applications such as personal
protection and persistent environmental monitoring of large areas.
While advances have been made in using whole cells as biosensors for
specific chemical detection, a whole-cell biosensor system with robust
biocontainment for field deployment and a strong visual reporter for
readouts in the deployed environment has yet to be realized. Here,
engineered biosensors in an encapsulated and deployable system (eBEADS)
were created to demonstrate a portable, no-power living sensor for
detection of 2-PP in the environment. A whole-cell living sensor to
detect 2-PP was developed in Escherichia coli by utilizing the 2-PP degradation pathway with an agenetic amplification
circuit to produce a visual colorimetric output. To enable field deployment,
a physical biocontainment system comprising polyacrylamide alginate
beads was designed to encapsulate sensor strains, support long-term
viability without supplemental nutrients, and allow permeability of
the target analyte. Integration of materials and sensing strains has
led to the development of a potential deployable end-to-end living
sensor that, with the addition of an amplification circuit, has up
to a 66-fold increase in β-galactosidase reporter output over
non-amplified strains, responding to as little as 1 μM 2-PP
while unencapsulated and 10 μM 2-PP while encapsulated. eBEADS
enable sensitive and specific in-field detection of environmental
perturbations and chemical threats without electronics.