Structure-Property Relationships in Arapaima Gigas Scales Revealed by Nanoindentation Tests

Torres, Fernando G.; Bourhis, E. Le; Troncoso, Omar P.; Llamoza, J

doi:10.1177/096739111402200401

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…7C). The largest hardness for the arapaima was 1.4 GPa, which is comparable to previous results that range between 1 GPa and 2 GPa [10,33]. Furthermore, the gradient in hardness across the thickness is consistent for the three fish in normalized distance, but very unique when examined in physical distance.…”

Section: Mechanical Behaviorsupporting

confidence: 86%

The limiting layer of fish scales: Structure and properties

et al. 2018

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The natural armor of fish, turtles and other animals, has become a topic of substantial scientific interest. The majority of investigations have focused on the more highly organic layer known as the elasmodine. The present study addresses the highly mineralized external portion known as the Limiting Layer (LL). Specifically, the structure, composition and mechanical behavior of the LL were explored for three different fish, including the arapaima (Arapaima gigas), the tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) and the carp (Cyprinus carpio). Results show that there are significant differences in the surface morphology of the LL from posterior and anterior regions in the scales, and between the three species. In addition, the composition of the LL is also unique among the three fish. Results from nanoindentation showed that the LL of tarpon scales is the hardest, followed by the carp and the arapaima and the differences in hardness are related to the apatite structure, possibly induced by the growth rate and environment of each fish. In addition, a new feature was indentified in the LL, which has not been discussed before. As such, we feel this work is unique and makes a significant contribution to the field.

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Section: Mechanical Behaviorsupporting

confidence: 86%

The limiting layer of fish scales: Structure and properties

et al. 2018

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“…The physical mechanism responsible for the 'pop-in' event may be due to the interaction behavior of the indenter tip with the pre-existing threading dislocation present in the films during mechanical deformation [27]. It was observed that the 'pop-in' depth is corelated with the lattice mismatch of the epitaxial thin film with the substrate, the higher the lattice mismatch the shallower the critical 'pop-in' depth [27,28]. [18,28].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[18,28]. The pop-in event was attributed to the lattice mismatch of the epitaxial films with respect to the substrate [23,27]. Other possible mechanism that would explain the observed behaviour is the formation and propagation of dislocations in GaN thin films [28].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoindentation Induced Elastic-plastic Deformation of GaN Nanomembrane on a Sapphire Substrate

Khayyat

Bourhis

ElAfandy³

et al. 2021

AJN

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One of the main challenges of the production of a blue laser is the preparation of defect-free GaN layers. It is of high tehnological interest to characterize GaN nanomembrane mechanically for further advanced applications. The current study addresses the impact of applied stresses on GaN nanomembranes, which are placed on sapphire the substrates, using nanoindentation as a nondestructive test. The mechanical response of the 20, and 100 nm thin GaN nanomembrane were studied at different normal applied loads ranging from 1 mN down to 0.1 mN using the Berkovich nanoindentation technique. There were plastic deformation regions at the nanoindented GaN nanomembranes monitored by the load-displacement (p-h) curves. The depth of the deformed regions increased with increasing the applied loads on the diamond indenter. Beside the insitu depth estimation of the residual nanoindentation using the instrumented nanoindentation machine, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been deployed as an ex-situ measurements of indentations depth. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) provided us with surface images of the indented membranes. Indentation of the 100 nm thick GaN nanomembrane, where the effect of the substrate is reduced, showed discontinuity in the p-h curves. These discontinuity or pop-in events were attributed to a possible sudden initiation and propagation of threading dislocations in the GaN nanomembrane which was free of threading dislocation upon fabrication. It was suggested to employ µ-Raman spectroscopy methods to investigate the possible structural phase transformation of thicker GaN nanomembranes and to measure the compressive or tensile stresses within the center of the indented zones. Where the observed sudden load-displacements discontinuity or depth excursions during indentation of GaN nanomembranes can be attributed.

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“…The last component to be formed is an extremely thin layer on top of the surface, which is composed of pure mineral and is referred to as the ''limiting layer.'' [11][12][13] Based on previous studies on the structure and mechanical behavior of elasmoid scales in various fish species, including arapaima, [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] red sea bream, 22 bass, 23,24 and tarpon, 11 the protection mechanisms of elasmoid scales have been characterized: the well-mineralized outer layer, including the external layer and limiting layer, provides hardness against the bite from a predator's attack, and the soft collagenous laminated base enables great deformability to dissipate the stored elastic energy through assorted mechanisms, such as lamellar rotation and separation, collagen fibril stretching/compression, fibrillar delamination, and bridging. The synergy of these mechanisms leads to outstanding scale toughness.…”

Section: Progress and Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and Mechanical Adaptability of a Modern Elasmoid Fish Scale from the Common Carp

Quan

Yang

Lapeyriere

et al. 2020

Matter

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As many fish scales serve as efficient natural dermal armors that protect fish from predators without compromising their flexibility, mimicking their design may lead to improved lightweight synthetic armors. The scales of the common carp have evolved with a mineralized outer layer to resist penetration and a tougher lower layer with a twisted arrangement of mineralized collagen fibrils, which absorbs excessive deformation through a sequence of multiple plasticity mechanisms.

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Structure-Property Relationships in Arapaima Gigas Scales Revealed by Nanoindentation Tests

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

The limiting layer of fish scales: Structure and properties

The limiting layer of fish scales: Structure and properties

Nanoindentation Induced Elastic-plastic Deformation of GaN Nanomembrane on a Sapphire Substrate

Structure and Mechanical Adaptability of a Modern Elasmoid Fish Scale from the Common Carp

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