Structured exercise alters the gut microbiota in humans with overweight and obesity—A randomized controlled trial

Kern, Timo; Blond, Martin B.; Hansen, Torben; Rosenkilde, Mads; Quist, Jonas Salling; Gram, Anne Sofie; Ekstrøm, Claus Thorn; Stallknecht, Bente

doi:10.1038/s41366-019-0440-y

Cited by 92 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Previous studies have shown that alpha diversity of gut microbiota increased for athletes with completing highlevel and high-intensity training and competitions, non-athletes with performing moderate to vigorous with 5 times or more a week. Furthermore, our findings are supported by studies in human subjects showing that exercise can induce subtle changes to the community structure of gut microbiota and reduce community heterogeneity [15]. Also, a 6 week intervention study showed that there was no significant difference in beta diversity between the lean and obese weight group after moderate to high intensity aerobic exercise with 3 times a week, but the difference of beta diversity between groups was significant at baseline [33].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…In addition, moderate and vigorous intensity exercises can increase the index of observed richness and Shannon diversity after 3 months in normotensive, non-diabetic overweight and obese participants aged 20-45 years [15]. Studies have found that high-intensity exercise can increase observed richness, while the observed richness of the moderate-intensity exercise group only increased in the third month and returned to close to the baseline level at the sixth month for overweight and obese people with performing 5 times exercise per week for 6 months [31]. On the contrary, a 6-week endurance type exercise did not alter the alpha diversity in overweight women with an average age of 36.8 years who lived a sedentary lifestyle [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Effect of an 8-week Exercise Training on Gut Microbiota in Physically Inactive Older Women

Zhong

Yang

et al. 2020

Int J Sports Med

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Exercise can alter the composition of gut microbiota. However, studies examining the effects of exercise on gut microbiota in the elderly are lacking. This study aims to investigate whether an 8-week exercise training affect gut microbiota in physically inactive elderly women. Fourteen women were randomly assigned to either exercise group or control group. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to reveal changes in gut microbiota. Alpha diversity did not change significantly. A tendency to form 2 clusters was observed for operational taxonomic units (OTU) after intervention. At phylum, class, and order levels, a significant difference was observed between two groups for Fusobacteria (F=5.257, P=0.045), Betaproteobacteria (F=5.149, P=0.047), and Bifidobacteriales (F=7.624, P=0.020). A significant interaction was observed between two groups for Actinobacteria (F=8.434, P=0.016). At family and genus levels, a signiﬁcant main effect of groups was observed in Bifidobacteriaceae (F=7.624, P=0.020), Bifidobacterium (F=7.404, P=0.022), and Gemmiger (F=5.881, P=0.036). These findings indicate that an 8-week exercise training may induce partial changes in relative abundance and OTU clustering of gut microbiota in physically inactive elderly women. Also, exercise may increase the abundance of bacteria associated with anti-inflammation such as Verrucomicrobia, reduce the abundance of bacteria associated with pro-inflammation such as Proteobacteria

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of an 8-week Exercise Training on Gut Microbiota in Physically Inactive Older Women

Zhong

Yang

et al. 2020

Int J Sports Med

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“…Additionally, Woo et al have demonstrated that exercise or dietary modification may improve arterial and cardiac function (9). More recently, studies have revealed that physical exercise or diet influences the gut microbiota in individuals with obesity (10)(11)(12)(13). In addition, Menni et al reported that gut microbiome diversity is inversely associated with arterial stiffness in middle-aged women (14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Six-Week Exercise Training With Dietary Restriction Improves Central Hemodynamics Associated With Altered Gut Microbiota in Adolescents With Obesity

et al. 2020

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PurposeObesity in children and in adolescents can lead to adult cardiovascular diseases, and the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in obesity pathophysiology. Exercise and diet interventions are typical approaches to improve physical condition and to alter the gut microbiota in individuals with obesity. However, whether central hemodynamic parameters including subendocardial viability ratio, the augmentation index standardized to a heart rate of 75/min (AIx75), resting heart rate, and blood pressure, correlate with gut microbiota changes associated with exercise and diet is unclear.MethodsAdolescents (n = 24, 12.88 ± 0.41 years) with obesity completed our 6-week program of endurance and strength exercises along with dietary restriction. Blood and fecal samples were collected, and physical parameters were measured before and 24 h after the last session of the intervention program. Pulse wave analysis using applanation tonometry provided the subendocardial viability ratio, a surrogate measure of microvascular myocardial perfusion, and AIx75, a measure of arterial stiffness and peripheral arteriolar resistance. Correlation analysis detected any associations of anthropometric or central hemodynamic parameters with gut microbiome composition.ResultsExercise and diet interventions significantly reduced body weight, body mass index, body fat, and waist-to-hip ratio, and lowered levels of fasting blood glucose, serum triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. AIx75 and resting heart rate were also significantly reduced after the intervention without changes to systolic or diastolic blood pressure. The ratio of intestinal microbiota Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes displayed a marked increase after intervention. Interventional changes in gut microbiota members were significantly associated with anthropometric and metabolic parameters. Microbial changes were also significantly correlated with central hemodynamic parameters, including subendocardial viability ratio, AIx75, and resting heart rate.ConclusionExercise and diet interventions significantly improved measures of central hemodynamics, including subendocardial viability ratio, AIx75, and resting heart rate, which were correlated with altered gut microbiota in adolescents with obesity. Our findings shed light on the effects and mechanisms underlying exercise and diet interventions on obesity and suggest this approach for treating patients with both cardiovascular disease and obesity.

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“…In the longest exercise intervention to date, Kern et al [108] investigated the effects of regular aerobic training of different intensities and modalities with similar exercise energy expenditure on gut microbiota over a 6-month period. A total of 88 sedentary overweight/obese subjects were randomized into four arms, including habitual living (control), active commuting by non-motorized bicycle, leisure-time exercise of moderate intensity, or vigorous intensity exercise.…”

Section: Chronic Exercise Effects On the Human Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The athletic gut microbiota

Mohr

Jäger²,

Carpenter³

et al. 2020

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

227

172

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The microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract play a significant role in nutrient uptake, vitamin synthesis, energy harvest, inflammatory modulation, and host immune response, collectively contributing to human health. Important factors such as age, birth method, antibiotic use, and diet have been established as formative factors that shape the gut microbiota. Yet, less described is the role that exercise plays, particularly how associated factors and stressors, such as sport/exercise-specific diet, environment, and their interactions, may influence the gut microbiota. In particular, high-level athletes offer remarkable physiology and metabolism (including muscular strength/power, aerobic capacity, energy expenditure, and heat production) compared to sedentary individuals, and provide unique insight in gut microbiota research. In addition, the gut microbiota with its ability to harvest energy, modulate the immune system, and influence gastrointestinal health, likely plays an important role in athlete health, wellbeing, and sports performance. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms in which the gut microbiota could play in the role of influencing athletic performance is of considerable interest to athletes who work to improve their results in competition as well as reduce recovery time during training. Ultimately this research is expected to extend beyond athletics as understanding optimal fitness has applications for overall health and wellness in larger communities. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to summarize current knowledge of the athletic gut microbiota and the factors that shape it. Exercise, associated dietary factors, and the athletic classification promote a more "health-associated" gut microbiota. Such features include a higher abundance of health-promoting bacterial species, increased microbial diversity, functional metabolic capacity, and microbial-associated metabolites, stimulation of bacterial abundance that can modulate mucosal immunity, and improved gastrointestinal barrier function.

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Structured exercise alters the gut microbiota in humans with overweight and obesity—A randomized controlled trial

Cited by 92 publications

References 53 publications

Effect of an 8-week Exercise Training on Gut Microbiota in Physically Inactive Older Women

Effect of an 8-week Exercise Training on Gut Microbiota in Physically Inactive Older Women

Six-Week Exercise Training With Dietary Restriction Improves Central Hemodynamics Associated With Altered Gut Microbiota in Adolescents With Obesity

The athletic gut microbiota

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