Structured X-Ray Optics for Laboratory-Based Materials Analysis

Abstract

Metamaterials provide a challenge for materials analysis, as large-scale 3D geometries confound traditional methods. X-ray optics that allow for novel beam geometries and for more efficient use of conventional X-ray sources can be important in defect and structure analysis to close the loop between design and performance. Fortunately, metamaterials have also provided a new variety of array and structured X-ray optics. Because X-rays barely interact with materials, their index of refraction in any material is only slightly different from unity, so it is very difficult to make the sort of refractive optics that are used for visible light. Instead, diffraction can be used to control the direction or wavelength of X-rays. Structured diffractive optics include transmission gratings, artificial multilayers, and arrays of curved crystals. X-rays also have very high reflectivity at grazing incidence. This phenomenon allows for reflective arrays such as multipore and polycapillary optics.

Monte Carlo dosimetry modeling of focused kV x‐ray radiotherapy of eye diseases with potential nanoparticle dose enhancement

“…Polycapillary focusing and collimating lenses are widely used in x-ray fluorescence and x-ray diffraction applications. 3,4 A polycapillary x-ray lens consists of arrays of small hollow glass tubes. X rays are guided through these curved and tapered tubes by multiple reflections similar to those in light-transmitting fiber optics.…”

Recent advances in high-throughput superconductivity research

“…More details about the operation principle of x-ray optics can be obtained, for example, in the review paper Ref. [67]. Concurrently, special x-ray sources were developed to meet the requirements of high-throughput characterizations.…”

In situ temperature measurements in sooting methane/air flames using synchrotron x-ray fluorescence of seeded krypton atoms

“…This gap is unfortunate because gas-phase reacting flows-such as the flames used in most engines and other energy-generating systems-are an important topic of research to improve efficiency and reduce emissions (2). The challenge is that the material density in flames is orders of magnitude lower than in solids, especially because the temperature can exceed 2000 K. However, these measurements are becoming feasible because of the greater availability of synchrotron x-ray sources with high brilliance (3) and improvements in x-ray optics, such as Kumakhov lenses, which can efficiently collect emitted or scattered x-rays over an extended solid angle (4). Several recent studies have used XRTs to measure temperature or species concentrations in flames (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10).…”