Structures and functions of carbohydrate-active enzymes of chitinolytic bacteria Paenibacillus sp. str. FPU-7

Abstract

Chitin and its derivatives have valuable potential applications in various fields that include medicine, agriculture, and food industries. Paenibacillus sp. str. FPU-7 is one of the most potent chitin-degrading bacteria identified. This review introduces the chitin degradation system of P. str. FPU-7. In addition to extracellular chitinases, P. str. FPU-7 uses a unique multi-modular chitinase (ChiW) to hydrolyze chitin to oligosaccharides on the cell surface. Chitin oligosaccharides are converted to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine by β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (PsNagA) in the cytosol. The functions and structures of ChiW and PsNagA are also summarized. The genome sequence of P. str. FPU-7 provides opportunities to acquire novel enzymes. Genome mining has identified a novel alginate lyase, PsAly. The functions and structure of PsAly are reviewed. These findings will inform further improvement of the sustainable conversion of polysaccharides to functional materials.

Genome-based analyses to learn from and about Paenibacillus sonchi genomovar Riograndensis SBR5T

“…For example, P. xylanilyticus is a mesophilic, facultative, anaerobic, xylanolytic, and cellulolytic bacterium, and corresponding to its habitat a rich source of polysaccharide degrading enzymes. Cellulose is degraded involving lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases ( Ito et al, 2023 ), xylans by xylosidases ( Ito et al , 2022 ), chitin by chitinases, chitosanases and β- N -acetylhexosaminidases, alginate by alginate lyases ( Itoh, 2021 ), and pectin by pectin methylesterases and lyases ( Zhong et al, 2021 ). In this respect, the full potential of P. sonchi is yet to be tapped.…”

“…str. FPU-7 is known for its chitinolytic activity of insoluble shrimp chitin flakes (Itoh, 2021). Several Paenibacillus species belong to the microbiomes of agriculturally important crops, such as the diazotrophic plant growth-promoting Paenibacillus polymyxa that is used as an inoculant in agriculture (Beneduzi et al, 2012;Souza et al, 2015;Langendries and Goormachtig, 2021. This review focuses on the diazotrophic plant growthpromoting Paenibacillus sonchi genomovar Riograndensis strain SBR5T.…”

Genome Analysis of a Novel Polysaccharide-Degrading Bacterium Paenibacillus algicola and Determination of Alginate Lyases

“…Many kinds of MPdegrading marine bacteria have been isolated and revealed as the key players in the algal biomass recycling and global carbon cycle, such as Pseudoalteromonas [7], Alteromonas [12], Agarivorans [13], Paenibacillus [14], Vibrio and Zobellia [15,16]. Members of genus Paenibacillus produce many kinds of extracellular enzymes, e.g., chitosanase [17], glucanase [18], cellulase/mannanase/xylanase [19], xanthanase [20] and chitinase [21], which can be used in a wide range of industrial fields. However, only a few species in this genus have been reported to possess alginate lyases, namely, Paenibacillus sp.…”

“…According to substrate specificity, alginate lyases are divided into polyM-specific lyases (EC 4.2.2.3), polyG-specific lyases (EC 4.2.2.11) and polyMG-specific lyases (EC 4.2.2), which can degrade polyG, polyM and polyMG blocks of alginate, respectively [28]. Based on the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) database (www.cazy.org, accessed on 2 March 2022), alginate lyases are grouped into 14 polysaccharide lyase (PL) families: PL5, PL6, PL7, PL14, PL15, PL17, PL18, and the recently identified families PL31, PL32, PL34, PL36, PL38, PL39 and PL41 [13,21]. CAZyme are the key to promoting carbohydrate catabolism in marine heterotrophic bacteria.…”