Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology.

Watson, David; Clark, Lee Anna; Harkness, Allan R.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.1.18

Cited by 811 publications

(700 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…1 (left panel), the psychopathology and psychotherapy literatures may be relevant. In Beck's Cognitive Model of Depression (Beck, 1963(Beck, ,1967Beck, Brown, Steer, Eidelson, & Riskind, 1987), negative schemas, often referred to as "core beliefs," about the self, the world, and the future become part of a vicious cycle in which neutral and ambiguous situations are interpreted negatively and result in behavioral and affective responses that build and elaborate schemas (Watson, Clark, & Harkness, 1994). In the circumstances following gynecologic cancer treatment, women with negative, conflicted, or weak sexual self schemas would be reluctant to resume intercourse.…”

Section: Schemas Sexuality and Psychological Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Self Schema as a Moderator of Sexual and Psychological Outcomes for Gynecologic Cancer Survivors

et al. 2008

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Gynecologic cancer patients are at high risk for emotional distress and sexual dysfunction. The present study tested sexual self schema as an individual difference variable that might be useful in identifying those at risk for unfavorable outcomes. First, we tested schema as a predictor of sexual outcomes,including bodychangestress. Second,we examined schema as a contributor to broader quality of life outcomes, specifically as a moderator of the relationship between sexual satisfaction and psychological statue (depressive symptoms and quality of life). A cross-sectional design was used. Gynecologic cancer survivors (N = 175) 2−10 years post treatment were assessed during routine follow up. In regression analyses controlling for sociodemographic variables, patients' physical symptoms/signs as evaluated by nurses, health status, and extent of partner sexual difficulties, sexual self schema accounted for significant variance in the prediction of current sexual behavior, responsiveness, and satisfaction. Moreover, schema moderated the relationship between sexual satisfaction and psychological outcomes, suggesting that a positive sexual self schema might "buffer" patients from depressive symptoms when their sexual satisfaction is low. Furthermore, the combination of a negative sexual self schema and low sexual satisfaction might heighten survivors' risk for psychological distress, including depressive symptomatology. These data support the consideration of sexual self schema as a predictor of sexual morbidity among gynecologic cancer survivors.

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Section: Schemas Sexuality and Psychological Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Self Schema as a Moderator of Sexual and Psychological Outcomes for Gynecologic Cancer Survivors

et al. 2008

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“…However, questions about a gradedcontinuous versus qualitative-discontinuous distinction between depressive symptoms and depressive disorders has been the source of considerable controversy (e.g., Coyne, 1994;Flett, Vredenburg, & Krames, 1997), with recent empirical support for both views (Ruscio & Ruscio, 2000;Santor & Coyne, 2001). Further, diagnosable disorders, subclinical symptoms, and personality traits involving depression and anxiety are closely related (Clark, Watson, & Mineka, 1994;Watson, Clark, & Harkness, 1994), and individual differences in negative affectivity or neuroticism predict future emotional disorders (Zonderman, Herbst, Schmidt, Costa, & McCrae, 1993). Future research may identify important differences among these predictors in the levels of CHD risk they confer (e.g., Herrmann, Brand-Driehorst, Buss, & Ruger, 2000) or their underlying mechanisms, but presently these closely correlated emotional characteristics seem to have similar and perhaps overlapping effects.…”

Section: Depression Anxiety and Negative Affectivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychosocial influences on the development and course of coronary heart disease: Current status and implications for research and practice.

Smith¹,

Ruiz²

2002

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

292

208

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Psychosocial characteristics predict the development and course of coronary heart disease (CHD). In this review, the authors discussed human and animal research on psychophysiological mechanisms influencing coronary artery disease and its progression to CHD. They then reviewed literature on personality and characteristics of the social environment as risk factors for CHD. Hostility confers increased risk, and a group of risk factors involving depression and anxiety may be especially important following myocardial infarction. Social isolation, interpersonal conflict, and job stress confer increased risk. Psychosocial interventions may have beneficial effects on CHD morbidity and mortality, although inconsistent results and a variety of methodological limitations preclude firm conclusions. Finally, they discussed implications for clinical care and the agenda for future research.Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the United States; each year about 450,000 people die from CHD, and 1,000,000 experience an initial or recurrent coronary event (American Heart Association, 2001). Among healthy 40-year olds, between 40% and 50% of men and between 25% and 35% of women will later develop CHD (Lloyd-Jones, Larson, Beiser, & Levy, 1999). Over $100 billion is spent on CHD each year in the United States in direct medical costs, disability payments, and lost productivity (American Heart Association, 2001). This disease involves the three major topics composing behavioral medicine and health psychology, making it a central focus throughout their 30-year history. In the first (i.e., health behavior and prevention), modifiable behavioral risk factors (e.g., smoking, activity level, diet) are important risk factors for the development of CHD (Stamler et al., 1999;Wannamethee, Shaper, Walker, & Ebrahim, 1998), and behavior change is an essential component of prevention. In the second topic (i.e., stress and disease or psychosomatics), other psychological and social factors have more direct effects on the development and course of CHD through the intervening psychobiological effects of stress and negative emotions. In the third (i.e., psychosocial aspects of medical illness and care), established CHD has extensive emotional and social impacts on patients and their families, behavior is a key element of standard care (e.g., medication adherence, dietary change, exercise), and psychosocial interventions are useful additions to traditional medical and surgical treatment.Like the article on CHD in the previous special issue on behavioral medicine in this journal (Thoresen & Powell, 1992), we focused primarily on the second major topic-psychosocial influences on the development and course of CHD. We also reviewed one aspect of the third topic-interventions targeting psychosocial risk factors and their underlying psychophysiological mechanisms. Perhaps the most important implication of research on psychosocial risk factors for coronary disease is that interventions targeting these factors could reduce cardiac morb...

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“…Moreover, whereas it is often difficult to find exact single-word translations for trait adjectives, the meanings of elaborated phrases are more easily translated (Hofstee, 1990;John, Goldberg, & Angleitner, 1984). The BFI is available to interested researchers and has been used in a wide range of studies, including Clark (1992); Neuberg and Newsom ( 1993 ); Watson, Clark, and Harkness ( 1994) ; Cialdini, In Spain, a Castillian translation of the earlier NEO-PI (Costa & McCrae, 1985) was developed by Silva et al (1994). Moreover, in their research on Agreeableness, Jensen -Campbell, Graziano, and Hair (1996) used Spanish translations of Goldberg's (1992) Big Five marker adjectives for a subgroup of Mexican Americans who "had limited fluency in English" (p. 153).…”

Section: Measuring the Big Five Dimensionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English.

Benet-Martínez¹,

John²

1998

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

1,326

900

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Spanish-language measures of the Big Five personality dimensions are needed for research on Hispanic minority populations. Three studies were conducted to evaluate a Spanish version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI) (O. P. John et al., 1991) and explore the generalizability of the Big Five factor structure in Latin cultural groups. In Study 1, a cross-cultural design was used to compare the Spanish and English BFI in college students from Spain and the United States, to assess factor congruence across languages, and to test convergence with indigenous Spanish Big Five markers. In Study 2, a bilingual design was used to compare the Spanish and English BFI in a college-educated sample of bilingual Hispanics and to test convergent and discriminant validity across the two languages as well as with the NEO Five Factor Inventory in both English and Spanish. Study 3 replicated the BFI findings from Study 2 in a working-class Hispanic bilingual sample. Results show that (a) the Spanish BFI may serve as an efficient, reliable, and factorially valid measure of the Big Five for research on Spanishspeaking individuals and (b) there is little evidence for substantial cultural differences in personality structure at the broad level of abstraction represented by the Big Five dimensions.

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Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology.

Cited by 811 publications

References 86 publications

Sexual Self Schema as a Moderator of Sexual and Psychological Outcomes for Gynecologic Cancer Survivors

Sexual Self Schema as a Moderator of Sexual and Psychological Outcomes for Gynecologic Cancer Survivors

Psychosocial influences on the development and course of coronary heart disease: Current status and implications for research and practice.

Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English.

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