Structures Suggesting Cell-Wall-Deficient Forms Detected in Circulating Erythrocytes by Fluorochrome Staining

Pohlod, Donald J.; Mattman, Lida H.; Tunstall, L. H.

doi:10.1128/am.23.2.262-267.1972

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It is supposed that the life cycle of blood microbiota encompass intracellular proliferation mainly in leukocytes and erythrocytes. Documented evidence by Pohlod et al (1972) indicated the presence of cell-wall deficient microbial forms in circulating erythrocytes by fluorochrome staining. The authors examined freshly drawn blood and described structures, which appear to be microbial, extended in rhizoid filaments from the erythrocytes (Pohlod et al, 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is supposed that the life cycle of blood microbiota encompass intracellular proliferation mainly in leukocytes and erythrocytes. Documented evidence by Pohlod et al. (1972) indicated the presence of cell-wall deficient microbial forms in circulating erythrocytes by fluorochrome staining.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1972) indicated the presence of cell-wall deficient microbial forms in circulating erythrocytes by fluorochrome staining. The authors examined freshly drawn blood and described structures, which appear to be microbial, extended in rhizoid filaments from the erythrocytes ( Pohlod et al., 1972 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphology of blood microbiota in healthy individuals assessed by light and electron microscopy

Tsafarova

Hodzhev

Yordanov

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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IntroductionThe blood microbiome is still an enigma. The existence of blood microbiota in clinically healthy individuals was proven during the last 50 years. Indirect evidence from radiometric analysis suggested the existence of living microbial forms in erythrocytes. Recently targeted nucleic acid sequencing demonstrated rich microbial biodiversity in the blood of clinically healthy individuals. The morphology and proliferation cycle of blood microbiota in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from freshly drawn and cultured whole blood are obscure.MethodsTo study the life cycle of blood microbiota we focused on light, and electron microscopy analysis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from freshly drawn blood and stress-cultured lysed whole blood at 43°C in presence of vitamin K from healthy individuals were studied.ResultsHere, we demonstrated that free circulating microbiota in the PMBC fraction possess a well-defined cell wall and proliferate by budding or through a mechanism similar to the extrusion of progeny bodies. By contrast, stress-cultured lysed whole blood microbiota proliferated as cell-wall deficient microbiota by forming electron-dense or electron-transparent bodies. The electron-dense bodies proliferated by fission or produce in chains Gram-negatively stained progeny cells or enlarged and burst to release progeny cells of 180 – 200 nm size. On the other hand, electron-transparent bodies enlarged and emitted progeny cells through the membrane. A novel proliferation mechanism of blood microbiota called by us “a cell within a cell” was observed. It combines proliferation of progeny cells within a progeny cell which is growing within the “mother” cell.DiscussionThe rich biodiversity of eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbiota identified in blood by next-generation sequencing technologies and our microscopy results suggest different proliferation mechanisms in whole and cultured blood. Our documented evidence and conclusions provide a more comprehensive view of the existence of normal blood microbiota in healthy individuals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphology of blood microbiota in healthy individuals assessed by light and electron microscopy

Tsafarova

Hodzhev

Yordanov

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Previous work has implicated L-form bacteria with disease 53,54 as well as shown an association with erythrocytes. 55 The Aquabacterium-specific primers resulted in amplification of 16S rRNA sequences in more samples than the 16S universal primers. The Aquabacterium-specific primers, because of their specificity, will be more sensitive in detecting the presence of Aquabacterium DNA than 16S rRNA universal primers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteria in blood from fibromyalgia patients include the Aquabacterium genus, producing metabolites with inflammatory properties in vitro. Results from a pilot study

Jensen¹

2019

IJCAM

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Purpose: To evaluate bacterial presence and evidence of inflammatory metabolic activity in blood of patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS). Patients and methods:A human clinical pilot study involved eight FMS patients and four healthy controls. Whole blood and purified erythrocytes were cultured and examined by darkfield fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. DNA was subjected to amplification using polymerase chain reactions. Bioactivity of bacterial metabolites was tested on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), cultured in the presence of metabolite fractions from FMS and healthy control erythrocyte cultures. CD69 and CD25 expression was evaluated by flow cytometry, and levels of inflammatory cytokines tested by Luminex array.Results: Blood cultures from fibromyalgia patients revealed growth of bacteria under culture conditions involving RPMI-1640 medium, increased levels of glucose and iron, and reduced oxygen. The ex vivo expansion of bacteria through culture, combined with 16S rDNA PCR analysis of DNA isolated from whole blood and erythrocyte cultures, identified bacterial sequences derived from the Aquabacterium genus. The design of Aquabacteriumspecific primers resulted in detection of Aquabacterium DNA in blood from some healthy control subjects as well, suggesting a low level of bacteria in a more quiescent state. PBMC cultured in the presence of supernatants from FMS erythrocyte cultures showed increased levels of CD69+ CD25+ lymphocytes, and increased production of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (p<0.25), IL-8 (p<0.08), and TNF-alpha (p<0.01) when compared to supernatants from erythrocyte cultures from healthy individuals. Conclusion:Bacteria from the biofilm-forming microaerophilic Gram-negative Aquabacterium genus were detected in blood from FMS patients and some healthy controls. Only bacterial cultures from FMS patients produced inflammatory metabolites, suggesting that Aquabacterium bacteria from FMS patients may express different genes than in healthy controls, potentially contributing to the chronic pain and inflammation characteristic of FMS.

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Histologic Observations of Coccoid Forms Suggestive of Cell Wall Deficient Bacteria in Cutaneous and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

1982

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The cutaneous lesions of seven consecutive patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE), two patients with systemic LE, and a patient with both dermatomyositis and cutaneous LE, were studied bacteriologically and microscopically for the presence of bacteria. The study was prompted by the previous reports of variably acid-fast and non-acid-fast bacteria in other collagen diseases, and also by recent reports confirming the presence of cell wall deficient (CWD) bacteria (staphylococci, streptococci, and corynebacteria) within the hematologic elements of both "normal" and diseased individuals. Staphylococcus epidermis was isolated from four cases. Propionibacterium acnes from two cases, and Corynebacterium sp. from one case. Three cases were bacteriologically negative. Basophilic- and eosinophilic-stained coccoid forms, suggestive of CWD bacteria, were identified in the microscopic sections of all the cases, as were non-acid-fast coccoid forms. Definite acid-fast coccoid forms were observed in vivo in two cases of cutaneous LE. The complex bacteriology of LE is discussed, as well as the possibility that variably acid-fast CWD microbes might be the long sought-after etiologic agent or agents in the production of LE.

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Structures Suggesting Cell-Wall-Deficient Forms Detected in Circulating Erythrocytes by Fluorochrome Staining

Cited by 4 publications

References 13 publications

Morphology of blood microbiota in healthy individuals assessed by light and electron microscopy

Morphology of blood microbiota in healthy individuals assessed by light and electron microscopy

Bacteria in blood from fibromyalgia patients include the Aquabacterium genus, producing metabolites with inflammatory properties in vitro. Results from a pilot study

Histologic Observations of Coccoid Forms Suggestive of Cell Wall Deficient Bacteria in Cutaneous and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

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