Stuart has got the PoWeR! Skeletal muscle adaptations to a novel heavy progressive weighted wheel running exercise model in C57BL/6 mice

Abstract

Murine exercise models are developed to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating muscle mass. A progressive weighted wheel running model, named ‘PoWeR’, was previously developed to serve as a more translatable alternative to involuntary resistance‐type exercise models in rodents, such as synergist ablation. However, mice still run great distances despite the added resistance as evidenced by a large glycolytic‐to‐oxidative shift in muscle fibre type. Thus, PoWeR reflects a blended resistance/endurance model. In an attempt to bias PoWeR further towards resistance‐type exercise, we developed a novel heavy PoWeR model (hPoWeR) utilizing higher wheel loads (max of 12.5 g vs 6 g). Adult male C57BL/6 mice voluntarily performed an 8‐week progressive loading protocol (PoWeR or hPoWeR). Running distance peaked at ∼5–6 km day−1 in both treatments and was maintained by PoWeR mice, but declined in the hPoWeR mice as load increased beyond 7.5 g. Peak isometric force of the gastrocnemius–soleus–plantaris complex tended to increase in wheel running treatments. Soleus mass increased by 19% and 24% in PoWeR and hPoWeR treatments, respectively, and plantaris fibre cross‐sectional area was greater in hPoWeR, compared to PoWeR. There were fewer glycolytic and more oxidative fibres in the soleus and plantaris muscles in the PoWeR treatment, but not hPoWeR. Collectively, these data suggest hPoWeR may modestly alter skeletal muscle supporting the aim of better reflecting typical resistance training adaptations, in line with decreased running volume and exposure to higher resistance. Regardless, PoWeR remains an effective hypertrophic concurrent training model in mice.New Findings What is the central question of this study?Can utilizing a heavier loading protocol, compared to the previously developed progressive weighted wheel running (PoWeR) exercise model, bias skeletal muscle adaptations further towards resistance‐type exercise in mice? What is the main finding and its importance?Utilizing a significantly heavier wheel loading protocol, which may better reflect traditional resistance‐type exercise training, only modestly alters skeletal muscle adaptations. These results intuitively demonstrate decreased running distance with exposure to higher resistance, compared to PoWeR; however, murine wheel running models may always inherently possess a strong endurance training component.