“…Smith et al (1998) compared the characteristics of students who deferred their HECS (i.e., who took out a loan) to those of students who paid their HECS up-front using data from 1996. They found that students deferring their HECS were more likely to be 6 Other variables included in models of students' loan-taking behaviour include year at university (see Johnes, 1994;Clinedinst et al, 2003;Callender and Kemp, 2000) and field of study (see Schwartz and Finnie, 2002;Clark, 1998 HECS was positively correlated with year at university, being middle aged, being born overseas, not speaking English at home, being a full-time student, being an Indigenous student, being from a low socioeconomic background, being a student from a government secondary school, having dependent children, having a disability, moving to attend university, living in a shared rented house, studying science, not working, having a loan and having low levels of income.…”