In the current teaching context, mathematics has become the most popular subject among all disciplines, and the establishment of mathematics teaching evaluation and feedback mechanisms is particularly important. The study constructs a feedback mechanism for mathematics teaching based on error analysis using the improved hierarchical analysis method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The mathematics teaching feedback mechanism and the traditional manual feedback mechanism are used to compare the performance of error analysis. Completely evaluating math teachers in Z-school using the math teaching evaluation index system. Compare the students’ math scores before and after the implementation of the math teaching feedback mechanism to explore the application effect of the feedback mechanism. The results show that the overall error of the math teaching feedback mechanism (1.12) is better than that of the traditional manual feedback mechanism (3.19), and the error fluctuation of the former is also smaller than that of the latter. The feedback results from the math teaching feedback mechanism are more accurate than the actual feedback results. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation results of Teacher A are in the following order from highest to lowest: teaching method (93.069) > teaching content (92.531) > teaching objectives (91.645) > teaching effect (90.537) > teaching attitude (88.543). After the experiment of the math teaching feedback mechanism, the mean score of math achievement of the experimental group increased by 12 points. The control group decreased by 1.32 points, and the teaching feedback mechanism achieved significant results.