“…By creating activities closely associated with real-world problems and issues, PBL and related methods (i.e., inquirybased learning) have been shown to promote higher-order learning and critical thinking skills within both GIS&T and geography (Aangeenbrug, 1992;Chen, 1998;Wilder, Brinkerhoff, & Higgins, 2003;Drennon, 2005;Reed, 2010;Howarth & Sinton, 2011;Oyana, 2012;Shulz, 2012;Weiss, 2017). Other fields that have benefitted from these methods include environmental education (Ratinen & Keinonen, 2011), science (van Joolingen, de Jong, & Dimitrakopoulou, 2007, geology (Apedoe, Walker, & Reeves, 2018), physics (Sorensen, McBride, & Rebello, 2011), chemistry (Nedungadi, Malini, & Raman, 2015), and biology (Carrió et al, 2016). One successful example of using PBL in GIS&T instruction is illustrated by field-based exercises, where data captured using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers (e.g., GPS, GLONASS) are integrated within GIS (Carlson, 2007;Miller et al, 2007;Favier & van der Schee, 2009).…”