“…For example, CMC tools (e.g., SMS, chat, blogs, and video conferencing) can offer space for learners to directly interact with users of the target language across distances (Cunningham, 2019;Li, 2019;Tang, 2020). Digital games and virtual reality (VR) space (both desktop and immersive VR) can provide interactive and immersive environments where learners simulate different roles in diverse social settings (Holden & Sykes, 2013;Kaplan-Rakowski & Wojdynski, 2018;Sykes, 2009Sykes, , 2013Taguchi, 2021;Vilar-Beltrán & Melchor-Couto, 2013; for a review, see Blyth, 2018;Lan, 2020;Sykes & Dubreil, 2019). In these environments, learners can directly participate in an interactional situation rather than observing the situation as a third person.…”