“…Such classes can enhance learners' engagement and provide them with more opportunities for interaction along with their sense of community [38]. However, learners and teachers may encounter some challenges in online education such as (1) adaptability of teachers and learners (transition from traditional face-to-face education to online education may result in some struggle for teachers and learners) [73], (2) the lack of technological literacy (i.e., teachers and learners lack required knowledge and skills in applying computer and software in online classes) [53,73], (3) the lack of technological infrastructure especially in developing countries [5], (4) the cost of online education, (5) classes time management (i.e., the online class takes a lot of time for teaching and assignment) [5,36], (6) lack of motivation (i.e., both teachers and learners are less motivated in online classes due to the less active process of this classes compared with face-to-face education [5,36,87], and (7) learners' engagement (i.e., students' nature of engagement in online classes is considered the main challenge. Although some students actively engage in discussions and arguments in online classes, others incline toward being reluctant and just listening and observing [53].…”