Studien zur normalen und pathologischen Histologie vegetativer Ganglien. I

St�hr, Philipp

doi:10.1007/bf00384087

Cited by 32 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Hermann Stieve, who had been working on the influence of psychological stressors on reproductive organs in animals and men since the 1920s, realized the “opportunities” that the legal practices of the NS regime provided in giving him for the first time access to the bodies of executed women. He used them for investigations of the effect of psychological stress on the reproductive organs, whereby he defined imprisonment as a chronic stressor and the announcement of the execution date as an acute stressor (Stieve,1942a;1943;1952).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research on bodies of the executed in German anatomy: An accepted method that changed during the Third Reich. Study of anatomical journals from 1924 to 1951

Hildebrandt

2012

Clinical Anatomy

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While it is known that bodies of the executed were used for anatomical research in Germany during the Third Reich, it is unclear whether this type of work was unique to the time period or more common in Germany than elsewhere. The dissected persons and the anatomists involved have not been fully investigated. This study of anatomical journals from 1924 to 1951 shows that 166 out of 7,438 [2.2%] German language articles mentioned the use of “material” from the bodies of executed persons. In comparison, only 2 out of 4,702 English language articles explicitly mentioned bodies of the executed. From 1924 to1932, 33 of a total of 3,734 [1%] German articles listed the use of the executed. From 1933 to 1938 the number rose to 46 out of 2,265 [2%], and increased again from 1939 to 1945 to 73 out of 984 [7%]. After the war 15 out of 455 [3%] still dealt with “material” from the executed. German anatomists' familiarity with the use of the executed as a standard for healthy tissues even before 1933 may have contributed to the ease with which they accepted the “opportunities” (large‐scale studies and research on women) presented to them by unlimited access to bodies of the executed provided by the abusive National Socialist (NS) legislation and continued using them for some years after the war. German postwar anatomy was built in part on the bodies of NS victims. Information given in some publications will help with further identification of these victims. Clin. Anat. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on this personal information he had to have noticed early on that he was dealing with a new type of prisoner who ended up being executed in NS Germany. Even though he knew that these victims were rarely murderers he still maintained even in his postwar publications that they had committed “serious, common crimes” (Stieve,1952; pIII).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on bodies of the executed in German anatomy: An accepted method that changed during the Third Reich. Study of anatomical journals from 1924 to 1951

Hildebrandt

2012

Clinical Anatomy

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“…The exact provenance of tissues was frequently not listed, but sources of human tissues were given as autopsies, surgical specimens, and executed persons. Most of the studies with listed sources of human tissues in this sample, a total of 15 papers published between 1940 and 1945, reported the use of tissue from the executed (Bauer, 1940;Ferner, 1940;Fleischer, 1940;von Hayek, 1940a,b;Voss, 1940;Bargmann, 1942Bargmann, , 1943Schreiber, 1942;Hett, 1943;Stöhr, 1943;Ziesche, 1943;Schneider, 1944;Zitzelsperger, 1944;Steege, 1945;Aumüller and Grundmann, 2002).…”

Section: The Science Of Anatomy In National Socialist Germanymentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy in the Third Reich: an outline, part 3. The science and ethics of anatomy in National Socialist Germany and postwar consequences

Hildebrandt

2009

Clinical Anatomy

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Anatomists in National Socialist (NS) Germany did research on materials from animals and humans, including tissues from the bodies of NS victims. The research was competent but rarely innovative. This may be due to the isolation of the German research community from international developments, as well as to the dismissal of a great number of successful anatomists for racial or political reasons. Other research was unproductive because of its foundation in the pseudoscience of racial hygiene. Anatomists in the Third Reich acted according to a new set of medical ethics favored by the NS regime. Not the individual human being but the "body of the people" as a whole was the object of this ethics. Every action was ethical that ensured the health of the German people, including sterilization, so-called euthanasia, and finally mass murder. Anatomists made use of the opportunities given to them by the NS regime, which led to the postmortem utilization of the bodies of NS victims. After the war, most anatomists retained their positions and NS history was not discussed until the later 20th century. Since then, historical research and public discussions have led to an increased awareness of questions of ethics in anatomy. The history of anatomy in the Third Reich illustrates that the theory and practice of a science is dependent on the political system it exists in, and that the scientists' competence not only in their science but also in politics and ethics is a prerequisite for the freedom of science.

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Nasal Polyps: An Inquiry into the Mechanism of Formation

Samter¹

1961

Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery

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Studien zur normalen und pathologischen Histologie vegetativer Ganglien. I

Cited by 32 publications

References 32 publications

Research on bodies of the executed in German anatomy: An accepted method that changed during the Third Reich. Study of anatomical journals from 1924 to 1951

Research on bodies of the executed in German anatomy: An accepted method that changed during the Third Reich. Study of anatomical journals from 1924 to 1951

Anatomy in the Third Reich: an outline, part 3. The science and ethics of anatomy in National Socialist Germany and postwar consequences

Nasal Polyps: An Inquiry into the Mechanism of Formation

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