Studies in pregnant rats, rabbits and monkeys with lithium carbonate

Gralla, Edward J.; McIlhenny, Hugh M.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(72)90163-9

Cited by 49 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…An in vitro study has shown that explanted embryos from rats or mice are vulnerable to primary lithium toxicity in the absence of any confounding maternal factors (Hansen et al, 1990). Developmental toxicity may occur also postnatally, with detrimental effects essentially represented by growth retardation and higher mortality in the exposed litters, both in mice (Smithberg and Dixit, 1982;Mroczka et al, 1983) and in rats (Gralla and McIlhenny, 1972;Christensen et al, 1982). Such effects were associated with lithium doses lower than those inducing prenatal toxicity.…”

Section: B Lithiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Effects and Neurofunctional Sequelae of Developmental Exposure to Psychotherapeutic Drugs: Experimental and Clinical Aspects

2004

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Section: B Lithiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Effects and Neurofunctional Sequelae of Developmental Exposure to Psychotherapeutic Drugs: Experimental and Clinical Aspects

2004

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“…Wright et al (1971) gave lithium intraperitoneally to pregnant rats and found cleft palate in 39% of the young, external ear defects in 45%, and eye defects in 63%. Other studies with the same and different animal species (rabbits, monkeys) and with administration of comparable lithium doses in the drinking fluid, in the diet, intraperitoneally, or subcutaneously have failed to show teratogenic action of lithium (Bass et al, 1951;Trautner et al, 1958;Johansen and Ulrich, 1969;Johansen, 1971;Schluter, 1971;Gralla and Mcllhenny, 1972).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium and Pregnancy--I, Report from the Register of Lithium Babies

Schou¹,

Goldfield²,

Weinstein³

et al. 1973

BMJ

156

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SummaryWe have collected information about 118 children born to mothers who were given lithium treatment during the first trimester of pregnancy. The data show that the risk of teratogenic effects is lower than one might have expected from some of the studies carried out on rats and mice; they do not answer the question of whether or not lithium is teratogenic in man. The data were collected retrospectively and therefore overestimate rather than underestimate the risk of teratogenicity. Introduction It has been known for many years that lithium (lithium salts, lithium ions) added to the medium surrounding eggs of sea urchins, snails, and other lower organisms may interfere with morphogenesis so that monsters are produced (Herbst, 1893;Schou, 1957

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“…This study also established that lithium crosses the placenta and noted that fetal serum lithium levels were half that of the mother. No adverse effects were seen in a study examining the teratogenic effects of lithium in rabbits and monkeys [54]. Treatment consisted of oral administration of lithium carbonate at doses of 25, 75 and 150 mg/kg/day (0.013, 0.38, 0.76 mM Li/kg/day) on days 5-15 of gestation producing plasma lithium levels within the human therapeutic range.…”

Section: Mammalian Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Teratogenic and Developmental Effects of Lithium

Giles¹,

Bannigan

2006

CPD

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A review is presented on the effects of lithium in therapeutic doses on the outcome of human pregnancy. The results of various studies including cohort, prospective, retrospective and small number case reports indicate that lithium is a "weak" teratogen in humans. The main effects attributable to lithium are, cardiac malformations and babies with increased birth weight. There is a possibility that, in particular, lithium may be associated with the Ebstein anomaly but present evidence cannot definitely affirm or deny this association. Animal studies with lithium using doses comparable to human therapeutic serum levels have not reported any abnormalities. However, higher doses have produced exencephaly, skeletal and craniofacial defects and abnormalities of blood vessel development. Experiments with other vertebrates have shown that lithium affects dorsoventral specification and inhibition of vasculogenesis. Both these effects can be prevented by pretreatment with myo-inositol indicating that lithium interferes with the phosphatidyl inositol cycle. More recent findings have shown that the effects of lithium on invertebrates may be mediated through inhibition of GSK-3beta in the Wnt-GSK-3 pathway.

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Studies in pregnant rats, rabbits and monkeys with lithium carbonate

Cited by 49 publications

References 18 publications

Structural Effects and Neurofunctional Sequelae of Developmental Exposure to Psychotherapeutic Drugs: Experimental and Clinical Aspects

Structural Effects and Neurofunctional Sequelae of Developmental Exposure to Psychotherapeutic Drugs: Experimental and Clinical Aspects

Lithium and Pregnancy--I, Report from the Register of Lithium Babies

Teratogenic and Developmental Effects of Lithium

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